When do people miss oral content?
When they only hear and don't listen
Differences between hearing and listening?
Receiving the message in a passive way
Paying attention to what you are hearing
What are the 2 parts of listening?
1) Processing the message to see meaning
2) Remembering what you heard
Define: Processing
Actively thinking about what you heard
Define: Retaining
Remembering what you heard
When do people stop retaining information?
3-6 hours
What is the pattern of retention?
Don't listen, pay attention, stop to follow, rebound at the end
6 types of poor listening
1) Unprocessed note taking
2) Non listening
3) Interruptive listening
4) Agenda driven listening
5) Argumentative listening
6) Nervous listening
Define: Unprocessed note taking
not thinking about writing taking word for word notes
Define: Non listening
not paying attention
Define: Interruptive listening
Example?
Constantly interrupting, example: yeah right
Define: Agenda driven listening
focus solely on presentation, may ignore questions
Define: Argumentative listening
listening to only as much as they need to fuel own argument
When would you use argumentative listening?
When people feel personally attacked during question and answer
Define: Nervous listening
What situations do they occur in?
Compelled to talk through silence because they feel uncomfortable with a lapse
Interpersonal
3 steps of interactive listening
filter out distractions, focus on people, communicate you paid attention to them
3 steps of becoming a better listener
1) Filter out distractions
2) focus on speaker
3) show you're listening
Examples of external distractions
Street noise, flashy aids, extraneous talking
Define: Internal noise
thoughts making it hard to concentrate
10 steps for maximizing your audiences listening
1) Anticipate ineffective listening before speech
2) Consider listeners energy
3) Access audiences knowledge
4) Front and backload message
5) Use presentation aids
6) Encourage active listening
7) Tailor delivery
8) Watch for argumentative listeners
9) Wa
Define: Audience surveillance
paying attention to audiences verbal and nonverbal responses when giving a speech
6 factors that affect listening
1) Voice
2) Volume
3) Excessive pausing
4) Fluency
5) Timing
6) Projection rate
Define: Defeated listening
Solution?
when listeners feel too overwhelmed to understand
Ask questions and pause
Define: Superficial listeners
Solution?
Audience members who pretend to pay attention but are distracted
Turn off devices and make eye contact
Define: Speech critique
Written or oral feedback offered after presentation
5 parts of listening in an audience?
1) Take notes
2) Identify main points
3) Consider speech objectives
4) Support feedback with examples
5) Be ethical
Define: Constructive criticism
feedback a speaker can use to improve skills
What does diction require?
consideration of audience, occasion, nature of message
3 parts of oral language
More adaptive, less formal, incorporates repetition
Difference between denotative and connotative meaning?
literal dictionary definition instead of associations that come to mind from word
4 steps in presenting a message clearly
1) Understandable language
2) Concrete language
3) Concrete words
4) Proper use of words
Define: Understandable language
words audience finds recognizable
Define: Jargon
Specialized or technical words familiar to a specific group
2 guidelines for jargon?
1) If you say something in plain language, do it
2) If you use jargon, explain it
Difference between concrete and abstract words?
Specific and is exactly what you mean versus something that is confusing and general
Define: Concise
fewest words necessary to express an idea
Define: Verbal clutter
Extra words in a presentation that make it hard to follow
4 ways to express ideas effectively?
1) Repetition
2) Hypothetical examples
3) Vivid language
4) Figurative language
Define: Similes
Explicit comparisons with like or as
Define: Metaphors
Implicit comparisons between not alike objects by identifying one with another
Define: Biased language
Word choice suggests prejudice about other people
4 ways to choose respectful language
1) Avoid stereotypes
2) Gender neutral
3) Appropriate racial references
4) Avoid unnecessary references
Define: Stereotypes
generalizations on a false assumption that traits by some members of a group apply to all
Define: Gender neural terms
Examples?
Don't suggest a particular gender
Firefighter, poet