Ethnocentrism
the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.
Message
whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
visualization
Mental imaging in which the speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation
channel
the means by which a message is communicated
stage-fright
anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
ethics
The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
name-calling
the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups
paraphrase
To restate or summarize an author's/source's ideas in one's own words
listening
Paying close attention to, and making sense of what we hear.
empathic listening
listening to provide emotional support for a speaker
critical listening
Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it
active listening
Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view.
introduction
the opening section of a speech
body
the main section of a speech
chronological order
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
topical order
A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
transition
A word or phrase that indicated when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
conclusion
the final section of a speech
extemporaneous speech
A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.
gestures
motions of a speakers hands or arms during a speech
eye contact
direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
topic
the subject of a speech
central idea
A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
egocentrism
The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs and well-being
stereotyping
Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike
attitude
A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.
abstract
A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.
virtual library
A search engine that combines Internet technology with traditional library methods of catologuing and assessing data.
hypothetical example
An example that describes an imaginary or ficticious situation
direct quotation
Testimony that is presented word for word
spatial orger
A method of speec organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
casual order
A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship
internal preview
A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.
signpost (flag)
A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
rhetorical question
A question that the audience answers mentally rather than outloud.
credibility
The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic
bibliography
A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech
delivery cues
Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech
Adrenaline
A hormone released into the bloobstream in response to physical or mental stress.
listener
the person who recieves the speakers message
Feedback
the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker
interference
anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners.
plagarism
presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own