Stage Fright
anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
adrenaline
a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress
positive nervousness
controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for his or her presentation
visualization
mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation
critical thinking
focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evince and the differences between fact and opinion
speaker
the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener
message
whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
channel
the means by which a message is communicated
listener
the person who receives the speakers message
frame of reference
the sum of a persons knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. no two people can have exactly the same.
feedback
the message, usually nonverbal sent from a listener to a speaker
interference
anything that impedes the communication of a message.
situation
the time and place in which speech communication occurs
ethnocentrism
the belief that ones own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
ethics
the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
ethical decisions
sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
name-calling
the use of language to defame, demean or degrade individuals or groups
bill of rights
the first 10 amendments to the united states constitution
plagiarism
presenting another persons language or ideas as ones own
global plagiarism
stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as ones own
patchwork plagiarism
stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as ones own
incremental plagiarism
failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
paraphrase
to restate or summarize an authors ideas in ones own words
ice breaker speech
a speech early in the term designed to get students speaking in front of the class as soon as possible
introduction
the opening section of a speech
body
the main section of a speech
chronological order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
topical order
a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into a consistent subtopics
main points
the major points developed in the body of the speech
transition
a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving to another
conclusion
the final section of a speech
extemporaneous speech
a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
gestures
motions of a speakers hands or arms during a speech
eye contact
direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
topic
the subject of a speech
brainstorming
a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas
general purpose
the broad goal of a speech
specific purpose
a single infinite phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish
central idea
a one-sentenced statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech
residual message
what a speaker want the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech
False
True or False: A public speaker need only be concerned about ethics in the conclusion of a speech.
false
True or False: A speaker's ethical obligations decrease as the size of the audience decreases.
entirely plagiarized
According to your textbook, global plagiarism occurs when a person
ethics
According to your textbook, the branch of philosophy that deals with human issues of right and wrong is termed
interference.
As Benita approached the podium, loud voices from the hallway filled the room. Before beginning her speech, she asked someone in the back of the room to close the door. In this case, Benita was dealing with
False
True or False: As a speaker, you can usually assume that an audience will be interested in what you have to say.
False
True or False : As your textbook explains, ethical decisions are essentially a matter of personal whim or opinion.
False
True or False: As your textbook explains, the speaker's message consists only of what the speaker says with language.
True
True or False: Both public speaking and conversation involve adapting to listener feedback.
There is no such thing as a perfect speech.
Heather was in the midst of an excellent speech on campus history when she made a minor mistake by giving the wrong date for the opening of a campus building. She suddenly stopped speaking and said, "Oh, I messed up." She then finished her speech, but all
True
True or False: Incremental plagiarism occurs when a speaker uses quotations or paraphrases without citing the sources of the statements.
True
True or False: No matter how well intentioned they may be, efforts to protect society by restricting free speech usually end up repressing minority viewpoints and unpopular opinions.
visualization
One way to build confidence as a speaker is to create a vivid mental blueprint in which you see yourself succeeding in your speech. According to your textbook, this process is called
False
True or False: The channel is the room in which speech communication takes place.
global, patchwork, incremental
The three kinds of plagiarism discussed in your textbook are
False
True or False: You will do the best in your speeches if you expect perfection every time.
strategic organization
puttign a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience
main ponts
the major points developed in the body of a speech
spatial order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
causal order
a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause- effect relationship
problem-solving order
a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
supporting materials
the materials used to supports a speakers ideas. the three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics and testimony
connective
a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them
internal preview
a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss
internal summary
a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speakers preceding point or points
signpost
a very brief statements that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
rhetorical question
a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud
credibility
the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic
goodwill
the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind
preview statement
statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body
crescendo ending
a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity
dissolve ending
a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement
preparation outline
a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that included the title, specific purpose, sub points, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech
visual framework
the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among speakers ideas
bibliography
a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech
speaking outline
a brief outline used to jog a speakers memory during the presentation of a speech
delivery cues
directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech
graph
a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns