The Art of Public Speaking - Chapter 12

Denotative meaning

The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

Connotative meaning

The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

Thesaurus

Book of synonyms

Concrete words

Words that refer to tangible objects

Abstract words

Words that refer to ideas or concepts

Clutter

Discourse that takes many more words that are necessary to express an idea

Imagery (3)

The use of vivid language to create mental images or objects, actions, or ideas
Simile, concrete words, metaphor

Simile

An explicit comparison, introduced with the word like or as between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

Cliche

A trite or overuse expression

Metaphor

An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word like or as between two thinkings that are essentially different yet have something in common

Rhythm (4)

The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
Parallelism, repetition, alliteration, antithesis

Parallelism

A similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words or sentences

Repetition

Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning to end of successive clauses or sentences

Alliteration

Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words

Antithesis

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structures

Inclusive language

Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basics of gender, age, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors

Generic "he

Using he to refer to both he and she

Using language clearly (3)

Use familiar words, chose concrete words, eliminate clutter

Using language appropriately (4)

Occasion, audience, topic, speaker

Inclusive language (4)

Generic he, gender, social roles, groups

Using language vividly (2)

Imagery, and rhythm