Preparation Outline
A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, sub points, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech
Bibliography
A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech
Speaking Outline
A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech
Clutter
Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea
Inclusive Language
Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors
Manuscript Speech
A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
Impromptu Speech
A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
Extemporaneous Speech
A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
Vocalized Pause
A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalization such as "uh", "er", and "um".
Vocal Variety
Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness
Articulation
The physical production of particular speech sounds
Eye Contact
Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
Informative Speech
A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding
Comparison
A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.
Contrast
A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.
Personalize
To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience
Persuasion
The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.
Target Audience
The portion of the whole audience that the speak most wants to persuade
Speech to gain passive agreement
A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
Speech to gain immediate action
A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
Problem-Cause-Solution Order
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action
Ethos
The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility
Creditability
The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character
Creating Common Ground
A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience
Logos
The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning
Hasty Generalization
A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
Bandwagon
A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
Pathos
The named used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal
Speech of Introduction
A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience
Brainstorming
A method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts