speech of introduction
a short speech that introduces someone to an audience
-prepare audience for speaker and occasion, orient main speaker, topic, occasion
acceptance speech
speech given by an individual who is being recognized, honored, or given a reward
-be brief, humble, connect with audience
after dinner speeches
continued something pleasurable to occasion, extend good feeling, be entertaining and light hearted, don't lecture
speeches of tribute
speech that gives credit, respect, admiration, gratitude, or inspiration to someone significant, lives in a way that deserves to be praised, or is about to embark on an adventure ex- wedding anniversary, parties
eulogies
speech of tribute presented as a retrospective about an individual who has died
-emphasize emotion appropriately
-extemporaneous or manuscript
nomination speech
speech that demonstrates why a particular individual would be successful at something if given the chance- accurate, concise, compelling info.
public testimony
factual info. and opinion about policy issues presented to gov. bodies or other public institutions
-original thoughts
roast
humorous and good-natured ridicule directed toward the guest of honor at an event
toast
brief remarks celebrating the accomplishments of a guest of honor at an event
mediated speaking
technology- increases public speaking, know the event format and dress appropriately/ brief presentation outline/ limit physical movement/ be assertive and confident/ speak clearly and avoid jargon
small group
a collection of individual who interact and depend on one another to solve a problem, make a decision, or achieve a common goal or objective
oral report
a report in which one member of a group presents the groups findings
panel discussion
a discussion in which a moderator asks questions of experts on a topic in front of an audience
round table discussion
a discussion in which expert partners discuss a topic in an impromptu format without an audience present
-excellent ways to exchange ideas/ learn different perspectives
symposium
a presentation format in which each member of a group about a part of a larger topic
forum
the question and answer session following a groups formal presentation
video conferencing
a small group presentation in which individuals at multiple physical locations interact in real time orally and visually using video and high speed computer technology
Evaluating small group presentations
preparation as a group, coherency, coordination, presentation, who's responsible for what
presentation media
technology and material resources, ranging from presentation software to flip charts and handouts, that speakers use to highlight, clarify, and compliment the info they present orally
presentation software used for
draw attention to topic, illustration, idea, stimulate emotional reaction, clarify a point, support argument, help audience understand/ remember main ideas
overhead transparencies
clear acetate page displayed by an overhead, display only when talking about them, number sheets, practice with them
flip charts
large pad of paper that rests on an easel, allow speaker to record with texts/ drawings
whiteboard
only for brainstorming, not presenting/ don't turn back to audience
document cameras
projection device that uses a video camera to capture and display images, including 3-D visual material, prepare/ practice features
video
short, integrate, embed within slides/ cite, non-offensive, legit videos
handout
sheets containing relevant info that are distributed/ either before, during, or after speech
models
copy of an object, usually built to scale that represents the object in detail- used to describe the physical structure
sound recordings
trigger imagination/ set mood
presentation software
computer software that allows users to display information in multimedia slides
real time web access RWA
employing a live internet feed as a visual media or information resources during a public speech
webidence
web resources displayed as evidence during a speech, found by using RWA or web page capture software
an inconvenient truth movie
academy award best documentary- V.P Al Gore rousing speech, consider room and audience, practice with your media, speak to audience, not media
language
the system of words people use to communicate with other
symbols
something that stands for something else
words are arbitrary
no direct meaning connection- everything is a different name in a different language
interpretation
an individual internal process of assigning meaning to words
denotative meaning
an agreed upon definition of a word found in a dictionary
connotative meaning
a unique meaning for a word based on an individual experience, makes language
tone
use of language to set the mood or atmosphere associated with a speaking situation
language is active
constantly developing new words/ global language monitor- 15 new words/ day
slang
informal, nonstandard language often used within a particular group
jargon
technical language used by by members of a profession or associated with a specific topic
idioms
an expression that means something other than the literal
euphemism
a word used in place of another word that is viewed as more disagreeable or offensive
cliches
an expression so overused it fails to have any important meaning
tag questions
questions added onto the end of declarative statements that lessens the impact of that statement
hedges
a qualifer such as probably that makes a statement ambiguous
nonsexist language
words that are not associated with either sex
dynamic vs. static speaking
in the moment/ dynamic vs. written= static- can be reread
immediate vs. distant speaking
immediate speaking= immediate, instant feedback, involves senses, refer to situation
informal vs. formal
informal= not as concerned with word choice vs. formal= less casual
irreversible vs. revisable
narrative vs. facts/ rhythm vs. image
inclusive language
words that don't privilege group over another
parallelism
using the same phrase, wording, or clause multiple times to add emphasis
rhymes
using words with similar sounds, usually at the end of the word, to emphasize a point
alliteration
repetition of sounds in a series of words, usually 1st consonant
antithesis
juxtaposition of 2 apparently contradicting phrases that are organized in parallel structure
invitations to imagine
ask listeners to create a scene/situation in their minds
persuasive speaking
a speech in which the speaker attempts to reinforce, modify, or change audience members' beliefs, attitudes, opinions, values, and behaviors
persuasion
using language, images, and other means of communication to influence people's attitudes, beliefs, values, or actions
coercion
forcing someone to think a certain way or making someone feel compelled to act under pressure or threat
in persuasive speech, speaker=
promoter/proponent/ advocate
question of fact
a question that asks whether something is true or false
question of value
a question that asks for a subjective evaluation of somethings worth, significance, quality, or condition
question of policy
a question that asks what course of action should be taken or how a problem should be solved
problem solution pattern of organization
present problem then show how to solve
problem cause solution pattern of organization
present problem and cause of problem and then show how to solve
monroes motivated sequence
attention, need, satisfaction, visual, action
negative/hostile audience
an audience that is informed about a speaker's topic and holds an unfavorable view of the speakers position
positive audience
an audience that is informed about a speakers topic and has a favorable view of the speakers position a.k.a sympathetic
divided audience
an informed audience but not an equal split between in favor and opposed to topic
uninformed audience
an audience that is unfamiliar with a speakers topic/ no opinion on it
apathetic audience
an audience that is informed about a speakers topic but not interested
ethical speaking
meet the National Communication Association standards
persuasion vs. manipulation
manipulation= dishonest means, omit crucial evidence, internationally misinterpretation, give inaccurate data, abuse of social power
argument
present claims and supporting them with evidence and reasoning
claim
a position/assertion that a speaker wants an audience to accept
evidence
supporting material- narratives, ex., definition, testimony, etc., that a speaker presents to reinforce claim
reasoning
the method/process to link claims to evidence
conclusion
primary claim or assertion
premise
claim that provides reasons to support a conclusion
enthymemes
argument in which a premise/conclusion is unstated
qualifier
phrase that clarifies, modifies, or limits the meaning of another word or phrase
images and naturalistic enythymeme
not all claims expressed with words, images
-ex- advertisers, unspoken premises and conc./ naturalistic enthymeme- audience assume image, realities , natural view, visual persuasion
logical appeals
use of rational appeals based on logic, facts, analysis to and influence an audience
appeal to credibility (ethos)
use of the audiences perception of the speaker as competent trustworthy, dynamic, and likeable to influence an audience
emotional appeal (pathos)
use of emotional evidence and stimulation of feeling to influence an audience
Maslows human needs
physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
appeal to cultural beliefs (mythos)
use of values and beliefs embedded in cultural narratives/ stories to influence an audience
deductive reasoning
reasoning from a general condition to a specific case
syllogism
form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion
inductive reasoning
supporting a claim with specific cases or instances, a.k.a reassuring by example
deductive vs. inductive
-deductive= formal logic vs. inductive= probability- conclusion = likely true
enough evidence=
shows high probability of claim being correct
casual reasoning
linking 2 events or actions to claim that one resulted in another
analogical reasoning
comparing 2 similar objects, processes, concepts, or events, and suggesting that what holds true for one also holds true for the other
fallacies
an error in making an argument
4 types of fallacies
1. faulty assertions
2. flawed evidence
3. defective reasoning
4. erroneous responses
false dilemma fallacy
speaker reduces available choices to only 2 even though other alternate exist a.k.a either or fallacy
begging the question fallacy
(circular reasoning) uses a premise to imply the truth of the conclusion is self evident
slippery slope fallacy
asserts that one event will necessary lead to another without showing any logical connection between between the 2
ad ignorantiam fallacy
suggest that because a claim hasn't been shown false, it must be true (appeal to ignorance)
red herring
introduces irrelevant evidence to distract an audience from the real issues
comparative evidence fallacy
uses stats/compares numbers in a way that misinterprets the evidence and mislead audience
ad populum fallacy
appeals to popular attitudes and emotions without offering supporting claims
appeal to tradition fallacy
asserts that the status quo is better than any other new idea /approach
division fallacy
assumes that what is true of the whole is also true of the parts that make up the whole
hasty generalization fallacy
draws a conclusion based on too few/inadequate examples
syllogism fallacy
present a statistic then jumps to conclusion about statistic, false correlation
weak analogy fallacy
compares 2 things that dissimilar, making the comparisons inaccurate
ad hominem fallacy
rejects another speaker's claim based on that speaker's character rather than the evidence the speaker presents a.k.a against the person fallacy
guilt by association fallacy
suggest that something is wrong with another speakers claims by associating those claims with someone the audience finds objectionable a.k.a bad company fallacy
straw man fallacy
misinterprets another speakers arguments so that only a shell of the opponents argument remains
loaded word fallacy
uses emotionally laden words to evaluate claims based on misleading emotional response rather than the evidence presented
refutation pattern
state opposing position
describe implications
offer arguments for your view
contrast the two
comparative advantage pattern
id issue
propose solution
show advantage over alternatives
type of presentation for an advertiser
monroes motivated sequence :
-draw in buyers attention
-explain need for product
-describe how meets need
-invite to purchase
-anticipate objections
staff report
note effects on organization and on individuals
crisis-response presentation
profit vs. nonprofit
organize as persuasive speech
dynamism
concept based on the image of a speaker as being powerful, active, energetic, and outgoing
socialbleness
refers to how friendly, helpful, and likable the speaker is
kinesics
eye contact, facial expressions, body movements
haptics
touch and the role of physical contact
proxemics
using space to communicate
chronemics
how time is used to communicate
paralinguistics
vocal stimuli aside from spoken words (rate, pitch, volume, range)
impromptu speaking
asked to give a presentation at the last minute, fill in for someone, lose planned speech, tech. difficulties, debate/speech tournaments
in improv speech-
-think about audience
-be brief
-organize
-focus on personal experience
-be cautious
foot in door technique
requesting something small and easy to agree upon, then make your larger real request
door in face technique
make a large request that you know will be refused and then follow it with a more moderate request
compliance
when on behaves in a particular way because another is encouraging him/her, many ways to increase the likelihood we will agree with another's request
sequential compliance
tactics that require more than one step (usually two) to be effective
Sequential Request tactic
1. target
2. agent
3. stages
1. person at whom the attempt to gain compliance is directed
2. the individual who makes the influence attempt
3. initial request= increase likelihood of target agreeing to request
target request= request on which the agent actually hopes to gain complian
Social influences of why people agree to requests
1. commitment
2. reciprocity
3. Liking
4. social proof
5. scarcity
ingratiation
sucking up to audience
situational dimensions
- define dominance in relationship
-level of intimacy
communication accommodation theory
-people adjust their styles of speaking to gain approval and increase communication efficiency
types of peripheral cues
-credibility
-similarity
-attractiveness
Elaboration Likelihood model
A model of persuasion that states that people process persuasive messages by one of two routes--either central processing or peripheral processing--depending on their degree of involvement in the message.
central processing
A mode of processing a persuasive message that involves thinking critically about the contents of the message and the strength and quality of the speaker's arguments. People who seriously consider what the speaker's message means to them are most likely t
peripheral processing
A mode of processing a persuasive message that does not consider the quality of the speaker's message but is influenced by such noncontent issues as the speaker's appearance or reputation, certain slogans or one-liners, or obvious attempts to manipulate e
deductive vs. inductive reasoning
-deductive= basic form of valid reasoning (ex- scientific method)
-inductive= makes broad generalizations from specific observations.
APA format
Last names, First Initial. (Year). Title. Database (Italics). Retrieved from www.website.com.
bandwagon fallacy
appeal to the growing popularity of an idea as a reason for accepting it as true. They take the mere fact that an idea suddenly attracting adherents as a reason for us to join in with the trend and become adherents of the idea ourselves.