summary statistics
information in the responses to an audience research questionnaire that reflects trends and comparisons.
supporting materials
evidence used to demonstrate the worth of an idea
syllogism
a form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion
symbol
something, such as a word, that stands for something else, such a person, place, thing, or idea
tag question
a question added onto the end of a declarative statement that lessens the impact of that statement
target audience
the particualer group or subgroup a speaker most wants to inform, pursuade, or entertain.
testimony
an individual's opinions or experiences about a particular topic
thesis
a single declarative sentence that captures the essence or central idea of a speech
tone
use of language to set the mood or atmosphere associated with a speaking situation
topic
the main subject, idea, or theme of a speech
topical pattern
a pattern that organizes a speech by arranging subtopics of equal importance
transition
a word, phrase, sentence, or paragraph used throughout a speech to mark locations in the organization and clearly link the parts of a speech together
transparency
a clear acetate page displayed by means of an overhead projection
trustworthiness
an audience's perception of a speaker as honest, ethical, sincere, reliable, sensitive, and empathetic
uncertainty reduction theory
a theory that posits when individuals face an uncertain or unfamiliar situation, their level of anxiety increases.
uninformed audience
an audience that is unfamiliar with a speaker's topic and has no opinion about it.
validity
the soundness of the logic underlying information presented by a source
value
an enduring concept of what is good, right, worthy, and important
visualization
imagining a successful communication event by thinking through a sequence of events in a positive, concrete, step-by-step way.
vocal variety
Changes in the volume, rate, and pitch of a speaker's voice that effect the meaning of the words delivered.
vocalized pauses
ah" "um" "you know" and other verbal fillers that speakers use when they're trying to think of what to say
volume
the loudness of a speaker's voice
voluntary audiences
individuals who can choose to attend or not attend a speaking event
weak analogy fallacy
argument in which a speaker compares two things that are dissimilar, making the comparison inaccurate
web dictionary
an online list that organizes web pages and websites hierarchically by category; also called a search index
webidence
web sources displayed as evidence during a speech, found by using real-tie web access or webpage capture software
whiteboard
a smooth board that can be written or drawn on with markers
working outline
an outline that guides you during the initial stages of topic development, helping to keep you focused on your generel purpose and clarify your specific purpose
ad hominem fallacy
argument in which a speaker rejects another speaker's claim based on that speaker's character rather than the evidence the speaker presents; also called the against the person fallacy
ad ignorantiam fallacy
argument in which a speaker suggests that because a claim hasnt been shown to be false; it must be true; also called an appeal to ignorance
ad populum fallacy
argument in which a speaker appeals to popular attitudes and emotions without offering evidence to support claims
alliteration
repetition of a sound in a series of words, usually the first consonant
analogical reasoning
comparing two similar objects, processes, comcepts, or events and suggesting what holds true for one also holds true for the other
analogy
a type of comparison that describes something by comparing it to something else that it resembles
anecdote
a brief narrative
antithesis
juxtaposition of two apparently contradictory phrases that are organized in a parallel structure
apathetic audience
an audience that is informed about a speaker's topic but not interested in it.
appeal to tradition fallacy
argument in which a speaker asserts that the status quo is better than any new idea or approach
appeals to credibility
Ethos. use of the audience's perception of the speaker as competent, trustworthy, dynamic, and likeable to influence an audience
cultural appeals
Mythos. use of values and beliefs embedded in cultural narratives or stories to influence an audience
argument
presenting claims and supporting them with evidence and reasoning
Aristotle's proofs
The various approaches a speaker can use to appeal to a specific audience on a particular situation.
Arrangement
refers to how you organize your ideas. Accounts for the basic parts of your speech, as well as the order in which points are presented.
articulation
the physical process of producing specific speech sounds to make language intelligible
attention getter
the first element of an introduciton, designed mainly to create interest in a speech
attitude
how an individual feels about something
audience
The intended recipients of a speakers message.
audience
the people the speaker addresses.
audience analysis
obtaining and evaluating information about your audience in order to anticipate their needs and interests and designing a stategy to respond to them
audience centered
acknowledging an audience's expectations and situations before, during, and after a speech.
audience centered
describes a speaker who acknowledges the audience by considering and listening to the individual, diverse, and common perspectives of it members before, during, and after a speech.
audience research questionnaire
a questionnaire used by speaker to assess the knowledge and opinions of audience members. Can take the form of e-mail, web based, or in class surveys,
begging the question
Argument in which a speaker uses a premise to imply the truth of the conclusion or asserts that the validity of the conclusion is self-evident; also called circular reasoning
belief
something an individual accepts as true or existing
bibliographic information
a source's complete citation, including author, date of publication, title, place of publication, and publisher
blog
short for web log; a web page that a blog writer (blogger) updates regularly with topical entries.
body
the middle and main part of the speech; includes main and subordinate points
brainstorming
the free form generation of ideas in which individuals think of and record ideas without evaluating them
call number
The number assigned to each book or bound publication in a library to identify that book in the library's classification system
captive audiences
individuals who feel they must attend an event
causal reasoning
linking two events or actions to claim that one resulted in the other.
cause effect pattern
a pattern that organizes a speech by showing how an action produces a particular outcome
channel
a mode or medium of communication
chronological organization
a pattern that organizes a speech by how something develops or occurs in a time sequence
Ciceros 5 arts of public speaking
invention, arrangement, style, memory, delivery
claim
a position or assertion that a speaker wants an audience to accept
classical era
only well educated men could speak publicly.
cliche
an expression so overused it fails to have any important meaning
closed ended questions
a question that limits the possible responses, asking for very specific information
coercion
forcing someone to think a certain way or making someone feel compelled to act under pressure or threat
coherence
an obvious and plausible connection among ideas
communication climate
the phsychological and emotional tone that develops as communicators interact with one another.
comparative evidence fallacy
argument in which a speaker uses statistics or compares numbers in ways that misrepresent the evidence and mislead the audience
competence
the qualifications a speaker has to talk about a particular topic
complete sentence outline
a formal outline using full sentences for all points developed after researching the peech and identifying supporting materials; includes a speech's topic, general purpose, specific purpose, thesis, intro, main points, subpoints, conclusion, transitions and references.
conclusion
a primary claim or assertion
conclusion
the end of a speech, in which the speaker reviews the main points, reinforces the purpose, and provides closure
connotative meaning
a unique meaning associated with a word based on a person's own experiences
context
the situation within which a speech is given. includes the physical setting for a speech.
copy right
a type of intellectual property law that protects an author's original work from being used by others
copyright information
a statement about the legal rights of others to use an original work, such as a song, story, poem, photograph, or image
credibility
an audience's perception of a speaker's competence, trustworthiness, dynamism, and sociability.
cultural diversity
differences in cultural backgrounds and practices around the globe.
cultural norms
prescriptions for how people should interact and what messages should mean in a particular setting.
culture
values, beliefs, and activities shared by a group.
currency
how recent information is; the more recent it is, the more current it is
deductive reasoning
reasoning from a general condition to a specific case.
deep web
the portion of the web composed of specialty databases such as those housed by the U.S. governement, that are not accessable by traditional search engines; also called the invisible or hidden web
definition
a statement that describes the essence, precise meaning, or scope of a word or a phrase
Delivery
the moment when the speech goes public. when it is presented to the audience. involves how you use your voice, gestures and body movement when giving a speech.
delivery
the public presentation of a speech
demographics
the ways in which populations can be divided into smaller groups according to key characteristics such as sex, ethnicity, age, and social class.
denotative
an agreed-upon defintion of a word, found in a dictionary
dialect
the vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation used by a specific group of people, such as an ethnic or regional group
dialogue
occurs when speakers are sensitive to audience needsand listens to audience members' responses, and listeners pay careful attention to speakers' messages so they can respond appropriately and effectively.
digital divide
refers to the gap between populations that have a high level of access to and use of digital communications technology, and populations that have a low level of access and use.
direct quotes
comments written in response to open-ended questions in an audience research questionnaire
distance speaking
the planned and structured presentation of ideas transmitted from one physical location to other locations by means of information and communications technology.
division fallacy
argument in which a speaker assumes that what is true of the whole is also true of the parts that make up the whole
document cameras
a projection device that uses a video camera to capture and display images, including 3-d visual materials.
dynamism
an audience's perception of a speaker's activity level during a presentation
emotional appeals
Pathos. use of emotional evidence and stimulation of feelings to influence an audience
enthymemes
an argument in which a premise or conclusion is unstated
environment
refers to the the external surroundings that influence a public speaking event.
ethical communication
refers to the moral aspects of speaking and listening, such as being truthful, fair, and respectful.
ethics
refers to rules or standards within a culture about what is right and wrong.
ethnocentrism
the belief that your worldview based on your cultural background, is superior to others' worldview.
ethos
refers to the speakers credibility or character.
euphemism
a word used in place of anther word that is viewed as more disagreeable or offensive
event
a significant occurence that an individual personally experiences or otherwise knows about
evidence
supporting materials; narratives, examples, definitions, testimony, facts, and statistics; that a speaker presents to reinforce a claim
example
an illustration or case that represents a larger group or class of things
extemporaneous speaking
a type of public speaking in which he speaker researches, organizes, rehearses, and delivers a speech in a way that combines structure and spontaneity
external noise
condition in the environment that interferes with listening.
fact
an observation based on actual experiences
fair use
using someone else's original work in a way that does not infringe on the owners rights, generally for educational purposes, literary criticism, and news reporting
fallacy
an error in making an argument
false dilemma fallacy
argument in which a speaker reduces available choices to only two- even though other alternatives exist; also called either-or fallacy
feedback
audience members response to a speech- gives the source a sense of how the message is being interpreted.
flip chart
a large pad of paper that rests on an easel, allowing to record text or drawing, wih markers during a speech
gate watching
monitoring news sources to analyze and assess the information they produce
gender neutral
examples: humanity, firefighter, flight attendant, sales person
general purpose
the speaker's overall objective: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain
goodwill
An audience's perception that a speaker shows she/he has the audience's true needs, wants and interests at heart
guilt by association fallacy
argument in which a speaker suggests that something is wrong with another speakers claims by associating those claims with someone the audience find objectionable; also called the bad company fallacy.
handouts
Sheets of paper containing relevant information that are distributed before, during, or after a speech
hasty generalization fallacy
argument in which a speaker draws a conclusion based on too few or inadequate examples
hate speech
words that can attack groups such as racial, ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities; is hurtful and degrading
hedges
a qualifier, such as probably, that makes a statement ambiguous
ideas and concepts
mental activity, including thoughts, understandings, beliefs, notions and principles
idiom
an expression that means something other than the literal meaning of the words
illusion of transparency
the tendency of individuals to believe that how they feel is much more apparent to others than is really the case
impromptu speaking
a type of public speaking in which the speaker has little or no time to prepare a speech
inclusive language
words that don't privilege one group over another
inductive reasoning
supporting a claim with specific cases or instances; also called reasoning by example
industrial age
development of mass media such as newspapers and radios.
information age
freedom of Speech" Social minorities, women, college and high school students were able to join the pblic dialogu, to protest, advocate, and fight for their rights.
information overload
occurs when individuals receive too much information and are unable to interpret it in a meaningful way.
informative speaking
presenting a speech in which the speaker seeks to deepen understanding; raise awareness, or increase knowledge about a topic
internal consistency
A logical relationship among the ideas that make up main heading or subheading in a speech,
internal noise
thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations that interfere with listening.
internal summary
a review of mainpoints or subpoints, given before going on to the next point in a speech
interpretation
an individual's internal process of assigning meaning to words
interview guide
a list of all the questions and possible probes an interviewer asks in an interview, as well as notes about how the interviewer will begin and end the interview
introduction
the beginning of a speech, including an attention getter, a statement of the thesis and purpose, a reference to the speaker's credibility, and a preview of the main points
Invention
focuses on what you have or want to say. discovering what you want to say in a speech, such as by choosing a topic and developing good arguments.
invitations to imagine
asking listeners to create a scene or situation in their minds
jargon
technical language used by members of a profession or associated with a specific topic
keyword
a term associated with a topic and used to research information related to that topic
keyword
a word that identifies a subject or point of primary interest or concern
languages
the systems of words people use to communicate with others
leading question
a question that suggests the answer the interviewer seeks
listening anxiety
anxiety produced by the fear of misunderstanding, not fully comprehending, or not being mentally prepared for information you may hear.
loaded word fallacy
argument in which a speaker uses emotionally laden words to evaluate claims based on a misleading emotional response rather than the evidence presented
logical appeals
logos. use of rational appeals based on logic, facts, and analysis to influence an audience
logos
refers to rational appeals based on logic, facts, and objective analysis
manuscript speaking
a type of public speaking in which the speaker reads a written script word for word
memorable messages
a sentence or group of sentences included in the conclusion of a speech, designed to make the speaker's thesis unforgettable
memorized speaking
a type of public spaking in which the speaker commits a speech to memory
memory
refers to the ability to recall information to give an effective speech.
message
the words and nonverbal cues a speaker uses to convey ideas, feelings, and thoughts.
metaphor
a figure of speech that makes an implicit comparison between two things
metasearch engine
a search tool that compiles the results from other search engines
model
a copy of an object, usually built to scale, that represents the object in detail.
monologue
occurs when communication is one way and communications are only concerned with their own individual goals.
monotone
a way of speaking in which the speaker does not alter his or her pitch
Monroe's MS
a five step pattern of organization that requires speakers to identify and respond to what will motivate an audience to pay attention
mythos
focuses on the values and beliefs embedded in cultural narratives or stories.
narrative
a story used in a speech or other form of communication- thinking relies on stories to connect the self with the world, envision what could be, apply logic to identify pattern and causeal connections, and structure event in logical order.
narrative pattern
a pattern that organizes a speech by a dramatic retelling of events as a story or a series of short stories
narrative
a description of events in a dramatic fashion; also called a story
negative hostile audience
an audience that is informed about a speaker's topic and holds an unfavorable view of the speaker's position
neutral question
an unbiased and impartial question seeking a forthright answer
noise
anything that interferes with the understanding of a message.
nonsexist language
words that are not associated with either sex
nonverbal messages
information that is not communicated with words, but rather, through movement, gesture, facial expression, vocal quality, use of time, use of space, and touch
object
any nonliving, material thing that can be perceived by the human senses
open ended question
a broad, general question, often specifying only the topic
oral citation
A source of information that a speaker mentions, or cites, during a speech
oral citation
brief reference to source during a speech
parallelism
using the same phrase, wording, or clause multiple times to add emphasis
pathos
appeals to our emotions
pattern of organizations
a structure for ordering the main points of a speech
persuasion
using language, images, and other means of communication to influence people's attitudes, beliefs, values, or actions
persuasive communication environment
the ability to access and share information in multiple locations in ways that transcend time and space.
persuasive speech
a speech in which the speaker attempts to reinforce, modify, or change audience members' beliefs, attitudes, opinions, values, and behaviors
pitch
the higness or lowness of a speaker's voice
places
geographic locations
plagiarism
presenting someone else's ideas and works, such as speeches, papers, and images, as your own.
positive sympathetic audience
an audience that is informed about a speakers topic and has a favorable view of the speaker's position
post hoc fallacy
argument in which a speaker concludes a causal relationship exists simply because one event follows another in time; also called the false cause fallacy
posture
the way the speaker positions and carries his or her body
premise
a claim that provides reasons to support a conclusion
presentation media
technical and material resources ranging from presentation software and real-time web access to flip charts and handouts that speakers use to highlight, clarify and complement the information they present orally
presentation outline
an outline that distills a complete-sentence outline, listing only the words and phrases that will guide the speaker through the main parts of the speech and the transitions between them.
presentation software
computer software that allows users to display information in multimedia slide shows.
preview of main points
the final element of the intro, in which the main points that are presented in the body of the speech are mentioned
primacy effect
an audience is more likely to pay attention to and recall what speakers present at the beginning of a speech than what they present in the speech body
primary question
a question that introduces a new topic or subtopic in an interview
primary source
information that expresses an author's original ideas or findings from original research.
problem solution pattern
a pattern that organizes a speech by describing a problem and providing possible solutions
process
how something is done, how it works, or how it has developed
pronunciation
the act of saying words correctly according to the accepted standards of the speaker's language
psychographics
- psychological data about an audience such as standpoints, values, beliefs, and attitudes.
public speaking
a situation in which an individual speaks to a group of people, assuming responsibility for speaking for a defined length of time.
qualifier
a word or phrase that clarifies, modifies, or limits the meaning of another word or phrase
question of fact
a question that asks whether something is true or false
question of policy
a question that asks what course of action should be taken or how a problem should be solved
question of value
a question that asks for a subjective evaluation of something's worth, significance, quality, or condition
rate
the speed at which the speaker speaks
real time web access
employing a live internet feed as a visual media or information resource during a public speech
reasoning
the method or process used to link claims to evidence
recency effect
an audience is more likely to remember what speakers present at the end of a speech than what they present in the speech body
red herring
argument that introduces irrelevent evidence to distract an audience from the real issue
relabeling
assigning more positive words or phrases to the physical reactions and feelings associated with speech anxiety.
relevance
how closely a web page's content is related to the keywords used in an internet search
reliability
the consistency and credibility of information from a particular source
review of main points
the portion of the conclusion of the speech in which the main points presented in the body are briefly mentioned agian
rhetoric
aristotle's term for public speaking. basically, public speaking in the time of the greeks.
rhyme
using words with similar sounds, usually at the end of the word, to emphasize a point
search engine
A sophisticated software program that hunts through documents to find those associated with particular keywords
secondary question
a question that asks the interviewee to elaborate on a response
secondary sources
others' interpretation or adaptions of a primary source
signpost
a transition that indicates a key move in the speech, making its organization clear to the audience
simile
a figure of speech that makes an explicit comparison between two things, using the words like or as
slang
informal, nonstandard language, often used within a particular group
slippery slope fallacy
argument in which a speaker asserts that one event will lead to another without showing any logical connection between the two events.
sociability
the degree to which an audience feels a connection to a speaker
spacial pattern
a pattern that organizes a speech by the physical or directional relationship between objects or places.
speaker
The person who assumes the primary responsibility for conveying a message in a public communication context.
specific purpose
a concise statement articulating what the speaker will achieve in giving a speech
speech anxiety
refers to fear of speaking in front of an audience. can be managed and controlled.
spotlight effect
a phenomenon that leads us to think other people observe us much more carefully than they actually do.
standpoint
the psychological location or place from which an individual views, interprets, and evaluates the world.
statistics
numerical data or information
strawman fallacy
argument in which a speaker misrepresents another speaker's argument so that only a shell of the opponent's argument remains.
Style
involves the language you use to bring a speech's content to life.