Public Speaking Apprehension
level of fear a person experiences when anticipating or actually speaking to an audience
Anticipation Phase
anxiety before speech
Confrontation Phase
anxiety during speech: first minute of speech
Adaptation Phase
when anxiety gradually decreases (2-5 min)
Causes of Pub. Speaking Apprehension
experience, level of skills, biologically based temperament
Managing PS Apprehension
5 methods: communication orientation motivation, visualization (thinking positively), relaxation excersizes, systematic desensitization, cognitive restructuring
Relaxation Techniques
abdominal breathing, sighing
Managing PS Apprehension
1. Allow time to prepare
2. use presentational aids such as flash cards
3. practice speech aloud
4. dress up ( feel more confident)
5. choose appropriate time to speak
6. use positive self talk
7. face audience with confidence
8. focus on sharing your message
Steps to effective speech planning
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Liberal art
a body of general knowledge needed to effectively participate in a democratic society
Civic rights
essential conditions for individuals to live happy and successful lives
Communication
the process of creating shared meaning
Participants
the individuals who assume the roles of senders and receivers during an interaction
Senders
participants who form and transmit messages using verbal symbols and nonverbal behaviors
Receivers
participants who interpret the messages sent by others
Messages
verbal utterances, visual images, and nonverbal behaviors to which meaning is attributed during communication
Encoding
the process of putting our thoughts and feelings into words and nonverbal behaviors
Decoding
the process of interpreting the verbal and nonverbal messages sent by others
Feedback
the reactions and responses to messages that indicate to the sender whether and how a message was heard, seen, and interpreted
Channels
both the route traveled by a message and the means of transportation
Mediated channels
channels enhanced by audiovisual technology
Virtual presence
simulated presence made possible through the use of digital technology
Interference/noise
any stimulus that interferes with the process of achieving shared meaning
Communication context
the environment in which communications occurs
Intrapersonal communication
communicating with yourself (self talk)
Interpersonal communication
communication between two people
Small group communication
the interaction that occurs in a group of approximately three to ten ppl
Public communication
communication that occurs among more than ten people where one message is presented to the participants who function as receivers whose own messages are limited to feedback
Mass communication
communication produced and transmitted via media to large audiences
Rhetorical Situation
the composite of the occasion, speaker, and the audience that influences the speech that is given
Exigence
some real or perceived need that a speech might help address
Listener-relevance links
statements informing listeners of how and why they should be interested in or care about an idea
Pathos
appeal to emotions of audience
Logos
logic reasoning
Ethos
moral
Systematic Desensitization
method that reduces apprehension by gradually visualizing oneself in and performing increasingly more frightening events while remaining in a relaxed state
Cognitive Restructuring
the systematic process of replacing anxiety arousing negative self talk with anxiety reducing self talk