Global plagiarism
stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own
Patchwork plagiarism
stealing ideas from two or more sources without referencing them
Incremental plagiarism
using part of someone else's work and not citing it as a source
Audience centeredness
keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
Audience identification
Forming a bond with listeners by pointing out common beliefs, experiences and goals
Audience adaptation
Speakers learn about listeners in several ways
Conventional wisdom
The popular opinion about issues and trends. Provides speakers with general social attitudes and interests in order to pick speech topics. common beliefs or ideas that most people hold true
Direct observation
Observing the audience to gather their general attitutes and interests
Questionnaires
Method often used in classroom specches to determine the knowledge of the audience regarding a specific topic
Demographic audience analysis
Method of learning about audience based on demographic factors like age, gender, religions....etc.
Situational audience analysis
Method of learning about audience by observing characteristics likes size, physical setting, occasion and time.
Audience attitude
refers to the mindset of listeners regarding a specific topic.
Informative speech
increases audience awareness and knowledge about a subject.They do not attempt to persuade
persuasive speech
is to change the attitudes, behaviors, feelings and beliefs of listeners
Topoi
A method based on rhetoric techniques. Involves asking and answering questions to generate topic ideas
Specific statement purpose
Occurs early in speech process, while thesis develops later into the research process
speech has 3 key elements
General purpose, Intended purpose, Exact goal
central idea or theme of the speech
The intended or specific purpose statement leads into the thesis statement,
Informative speech thesis
summarizes what the speaker wants the audience to learn
Persuasive thesis
Thesis should declare opinion about the topic
Residual message
Term used to describe what speaker hopes listeners will remember
Periodicals
Professional magazines, journals, Recent issues/topics
General database
Popular magazine and academic journals
Supporting material
Content that is incorporated into a speech that provides information, maintains listener interest, asserts persuasive evidence Examples, narratives, testimonies, stats, quotes
Narratives
Stories incorporated into speech. Helps illustrate abstact ideas
Explanatory narrative
Explain events
Exemplary narrative
Examples of excellence "rags-to-riches
Persuasive narrative
Attempt to change attitudes
Anecdotes
Brief stories that are humorous
Examples
Specific instances to illustrate a large group of people, ideas or conditions
Useful when abstract clarification is needed
...
Evidence should be
Relevant/significant, Easy to understand, Striking/unique, Credible, ethical, accurate
Extrinsic proofs
support claims with objective evidence, like laws and confessions
Intrinsic proofs or artistic proofs
based on speakers character, emotional nature of issue or logic of the argument
Logos (logical) proof
Appeal to reason or logic. Takes place when a speaker attempts to persuade an audience with rational evidence and arguments . Evidence and supporting materials closely connect to the arguments presented in speech
Ethos proof
Persuasive appeal of a speakers credibility (character and knowledge)
Pathos proof
The appeal to emotion (Speakers evoke negative emotions from listeners like fear, guilt, shame and anger)
Argue from example
Draw a conclusion from one or more instances or examples (Ex: I like the paintings of ____. I like impressionist art.)
Argue from analogy
Illustrate similarities between two things or events (Ex: davis likes this and this, so they'll probably love this.)
Argue from causation
Draw a conclusion that an event that occurs first is responsible for the later event (Home sales decrease with murder on the block)
Argue from sign
Use an observable symptom or indicator as proof of a claim (Ex: this person will win presidency because there are most signs everywhere)
Fallacies of speeches
Hasty generalizations/Speaker jumping to conclusion without evidence;
False cause fallacies
When speaker makes the invalid assumption that one event causes another
Invalid analogies
Occurs when a speaker compares two events or things that are not alike
Ad hominen
Refers to the fallacy of attacking or praising the character or integrity of the person making the argument rather than dealing with the issue in question
Topical speech pattern
Works for both informational and persuasive speeches. The main points make up the whole speech
Temporal speech pattern
Chronological/Timeline
Spatial speech pattern
Speech is structures in which main points are organized in a directional pattern (left-right, up-down)
Problem-solution speech pattern
Persuasive speech that explains the problem and solution
Causal or cause-effect speech
Main points illustrate cause-effect relationship
motivated speech
Listeners listen and respond positively (sales)
5 steps of a speech
1. gain attention from listener 2. establish a need or problem 3. satisfy the need by offering a solution 4. visualize need of being satisfied 5. ask for action from audience to ensure the need is satisfied
Statement of reasons
used in persuasive arguments. Speaker has 3 reasons and presents the strongest reason last and the second strongest first.
Structure-function
Informative speeches about the structural and functional qualities of something
Pro-and-con or advantages/disadvantages
used in both persuasive and informative speeches. Speaker explains the benefits and drawbacks
starling statement
shocking statement that relates to topic
connectives
linking various ideas within a speech . it helps listeners understand the relationship between one concept to another
types of connectives
transitions, examples, signpost, internal preview, internal summary
transition
(type of connective) words or phrases that indicate the speaker in moving from one point to another. most commonly used when shifting from intro to the body, body to conclusion, and between main points of speech
signposts
(type of connective) brief statements that indicate to listeners where the speaker is in the speech (they can be numerical)
internal previews
used in body of public speeches; statement that tells audience what to expect
internal summaries
reviews the points the speaker just made
denotative words
its literal and objective meaning can be found in the dictionary
connotative words
subjective
Four methods to speech delivery
impromptu, manuscript, memory, extemporaneous
Impromptu speech ex
Classroom, business settings, job interviews
Manuscript speech ex
Televised speeches
Extemporaneous speech
Prepared and presented from notes or outline