Public Speaking Exam 1

Identify the major similarities and differences between public speaking and everyday conversation.

Similarities:
1. Organizing your thoughts logically. (Step by step)
2. Tailoring your message to your audience.
3. Telling a story for maximum impact. (Carefully build your story)
4. Adapting to listener feedback. (Aware of verbal, facial, and physical re

Discuss methods of controlling nervousness and making it work for, rather than against, the speaker.

1. Acquire speaking experience: The more you become accustomed to a situation, the less threatening it will become.
2. Prepare: Pick speech topics you care about and prepare them so well that you can't do anything but succeed. The more practice you have,

Identify and discuss the basic elements of the speech communication process.

1. Speaker: The person who is presenting an oral message to the listener. Your success as a speaker depends on you.
2. Message: Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else. The goal is to have your intended message be the message that is actually comm

Define ethnocentrism, and explain why speakers need to avoid it.

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures. It can lead to prejudice and hostility towards different racial, ethnic, religious, or cultural groups. In order to be a successful speaker, you need

Explain why a strong sense of ethical responsibility is vital for public speakers.

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. You want to gain a desired response from your listeners, but not at any cost. You do not want to lie or hurt anyone to make yourself look better. All speakers s

List and discuss the five guidelines for ethical speechmaking.

1. Make sure your goals are ethically sound: You have to have worthy goals.
2. Be fully prepared for each speech: You have an obligation to yourself and listeners to deliver a fully prepared speech. You don't want to waste anyone's times or give misleadin

Identify and differentiate among global plagiarism, patchwork plagiarism, and incremental plagiarism.

1. Global: Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own. To avoid this, give yourself plenty of time to prepare.
2. Patchwork: Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own. The m

List and discuss the three basic guidelines for ethical listening.

1. Be courteous and attentive: You want to act how you want your peers to respond when you are speaking. We have to support one another.
2. Avoid prejudging the speaker: You don't have to agree with them, but you should listen to their speech in order to

Explain the difference between hearing and listening.

1. Hearing is a physiological process that involves the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain.
2. Listening involves paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear. Listening is cruc

Explain why good listening is important to effective speechmaking.

Listening is important because it is how we get most of our ideas and information. If you do not listen, you will not understand and you can pass on your misunderstanding to others. The best speakers are usually the best listeners.

Identify the four major causes of poor listening.

1. Not concentrating: Because we can listen and think of other things at the same time, we are tempted to interrupt our listening by thinking of other things. It is easier to lose track than concentrate.
2. Listening too hard: If we try to absorb everythi

Discuss the seven ways to become a better listener.

1. Take listening seriously: It comes with work. Make a serious effort to overcome shortcomings as a listener.
2. Be an active listener: You should give your undivided attention to the speaker in a genuine effort to understand the point of view.
3. Resist

Explain why the effective use of language is vital to speech composition and pubic speaking.

1. Choose words that are precise and accurate.
2. Using language clearly allows for grasping of your meaning immediately.
3. Using vivid language helps bring the speech to life.
4. You have to adapt to the particular and topic at hand.
5. Develop your own

Explain four methods one can use when having trouble choosing a speech topic.

1. Personal inventory: Jot down all of your interests and hobbies and from this list a general topic and specific topic may come.
2. Clustering: Divide your paper into subjects and write down topics that come to your mind for each.
3. Free associate: Writ

Differentiate among the general purpose, specific purpose, and central idea of a speech.

1. General purpose: The broad goal of a speech.
2. Specific purpose: A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.
3. Central idea: A one sentence statement that sums up or incapsulates the major

Discuss Lucas's five tips for formulating specific purpose statements and the five questions to ask about them.

Tips:
1. Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not as a fragment.
2. Express your purpose as a statement, not as a question.
3. Avoid figurative language.
4. Limit your statement to one distinct idea.
5. Make sure it is not too vague or

Discuss and apply the four guidelines for effective central ideas.

1. Should be expressed in a full sentence.
2. Should not be in the form of a question.
3. Should avoid figurative language.
4. Should not be vague or overly general.

Discuss the four kinds of informative speeches.

1. Objects: Anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form. Can be alive. People, animals, places.
2. Processes: A systematic series of actions that leas to a specific result or product. One kind explains a process so that the listeners understand

Explain and apply the six guidelines for informative speaking.

1. Don't overestimate what the audience knows: You can't make assumptions on what they know. Make sure to explain everything. They have to understand everything the first time you say it.
2. Relate the subject directly to the audience: You have to keep th

Explain three ways to avoid abstractions in an informative speech.

1. Description: A statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness. Can describe internal feelings as well.
2. Comparisons: Put the subject in concrete, familiar terms. A statement of the similarities among two or more

Discuss why it is important for speeches to be organized clearly and coherently.

Listeners need coherence. They only get the chance to understand and hear something once. The speech has to be organized strategically in order to achieve particular results with particular audiences. It can improve critical thinking skills in order to un

Identify and discuss the five major methods of organizing main points in a speech.

1. Chronological: The main points follow a time order.
2. Spatial: The main points follow a directional pattern.
3. Causal: The main points show a cause-effect relationship.
4. Problem-solution: The first main point deals with the existence of a problem a

Discuss the guidelines for organizing main points.

1. Keep main points separate.
2. Try to use the same pattern of wording for main points.
3. Balance the amount of time devoted to main points.

Explain the four kinds of speech connectives.

1. Transitions: A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.
2. Internal preview: A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.
3. Inter

Identify the four objectives of a speech introduction.

1. Get attention and interest
2. Reveal the topic: If you don't mention your topic, your audience will be confused. State it clearly and concisely.
3. Establish credibility and goodwill: You want to seem qualified and let the audience know that you have t

Explain seven methods that can be used to gain attention in an introduction.

1. Relate the topic to the audience
2. State the importance of your topic
3. Startle the audience: Intriguing statement
4. Arouse the curiosity of the audience: Build suspense
5. Question the audience: Rhetorical questions get your audience thinking.
6. B

Identify the major functions of a speech conclusion.

1. Signal the end of the speech: Too sudden of an ending leaves the audience puzzled and unfulfilled. Can use transitions or just the tone of your voice and the delivery.
2. Reinforce the central idea: Reinforce the audience's understanding of or commitme

Explain the methods for fulfilling the functions of a speech conclusion.

1. Summarize your speech: Explicitly states, but not intriguing.
2. End with a quote
3. Make a dramatic statement: Can revive your speech, dramatic, stunning.
4. Refer to the introduction

Differentiate between a prep outline and a speaking outline.

1. Prep: A detailed outline developed during the process of speech prep that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, intro, main points, sub-points, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.
2. Speaking: A brief outline used to jo

Utilize the guidelines for an effective prep outline.

1. State the specific purpose of your speech
2. Identify the central idea
3. Label the intro, body, and conclusion
4. Use a consistent pattern of symbols and indentation
5. State main points and sub-points in full sentences
6. Label transitions, internal

Explain the three major advantages of using visual aids in a speech.

1. The audience finds the message more interesting.
2. They grasp the speech more easily.
3. They retain the information longer.
4. The speaker comes across more prepared, credible, and professional.
5. Visual aids can combat stage fright.

Discuss the kinds of visual aids available for use in speeches.

1. Objects and models: Clarify ideas and make more dramatic. If the object is not the right size to bring in, use a model.
2. Photographs and drawings: Have to be large enough for the audience to see. Don't pass them around. Instead, use powerpoint.
3. Gr

Discuss and apply the guidelines for effective use of visual aids in a speech.

1. Display visual aids where listeners can see them.
2. Avoid passing visual aids among the audience.
3. Display visual aids only while discussing them.
4. Explain visual aids clearly and concisely.
5. Talk to your audience, not to your visual aid.
6. Pra

Explain why good delivery is important to successful speaking.

Good delivery conveys the speaker's ideas clearly, interestingly, and without distracting the audience. You want to be lively and formal. Nonverbal communication can also help deliver your speech and increase the impact of your verbal communication.

Identify and differentiate among the four methods of delivering a speech.

1. Reading from a manuscript: A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.
2. Reciting from memory
3. Speaking impromptu: A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.
4. Speaking extemporaneously: A carefully prepare

Explain the eight aspects of voice usage that are crucial to public speaking.

1. Volume: The loudness or softness of the speaker's voice.
2. Pitch: The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice.
3. Rate: The speed at which a person speaks.
4. Pauses; A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech.
5. Vocal variety: Changes in

Explain why nonverbal communication is important to the speaker.

Nonverbal communication is based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words. There is a lot of research that states the impact of a speaker's words and how they are powerfully influenced by this nonverbal communication.

Discuss the four most important aspects of nonverbal communication for the speaker.

1. Personal appearance: You need to look clean and groomed appropriately.
2. Movement: You don't want to lean on the podium. Standing up straight is important. You don't want to have quirks from nervousness.
3. Gestures: Gesturing can be affective; howeve

Explain the five step method for effectively practicing delivery.

1. Go through your prep outline aloud to make sure everything is how it is supposed to be.
2. prepare your speaking outline,
3. Practice the speech out loud several times using only the speaking outline with your visual aids.
4. Polish and refine the deli

Discuss the five important resources for finding what you need in the Library.

1. Librarians
2. The catalogue
3. Reference works (encyclopedia, yearbooks, quotation books, biographical aids)
4. Newspaper and periodical databases
5. Academic databases

Explain how to use the Internet efficiently and responsibly for speech research.

1. Search engines: have to do it systematically with the ability to narrow things down.
2. Specialized research resources: Wikipedia, virtual libraries, government resources

Explain the three key criteria for evaluating the quality of materials on the World Wide Web.

1. Authorship: Author should be clearly identified with their qualifications.
2. Sponsorship: Is the sponsoring organization impartial? Objective? Have a good reputation? How credible?
3. Recency: Often more updated than printed, but make sure there is a