Public speaking

civility

care and concern for others, the thoughtful use of words and language, and the flexibility to see the many sides of an issue

public dialogue

ethical and civil exchange of ideas and opinions among communities about topics that affect the public. participate by raising questions , sharing facts, offering perspective

ethical public speaking

speaker who considers the moral impact of his or her ideas and arguments on others when involved in the public dialogue.
-interpersonal communication: communication wit other people.
-intrapersonal communication: communication with ourselves via the dialo

communication apprehension

level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person(s)
2 forms
1. state/situational anxiety: people who are apprehensive about communicating with others in a particular situation
2. trait anxiety: people w

Public speaking model

SPEAKER: a person who stimulates public dialogue by delivering an oral message. speaker is civil, considering needs and characteristics of an audience. does research, organizes material, presents message, manages discussion
MESSAGE: info conveyed by the s

hearing vs. listening

HEARING: the vibration of sound waves on our eardrums and the impulses that are then sent to the brain.
LISTENING: the process of giving thoughtful attention to another person's words and understanding what you hear.

why we sometimes fail to listen

1. speaker interference: when the speaker presents information that is overly complicated, challenging, or simple, or because language is unclear
jargon: technical language used by a special group or for a special activity
slang: informal nonstandard voca

how to listen

critically: listener who listens for the accuracy of a speech's content and the implications of a speaker's message.
carefully: overcomes listener interference to better understand a speaker's message. listen for speaker's purpose, main ideas, supporting

3 reasons why we speak

1. deciding to speak: most common reason to speak is because we find as issue so important or our experience is so relevant we decide to speak about it.
2. being asked to speak: most flattering, when asked we are recognized as experts or at least as a per

brainstorming

the process of generating ideas randomly and uncritically, without attention to logic, connections, or relevance. free associate rather than plan.
by free association: write down whatever comes to mind
by clustering: visual, write down center idea, then d

articulating purpose

1. general purpose: of a speech is its broad goal; to inform, invite, persuade or to introduce, commemorate, and accept.
2. specific purpose: focused statement that identifies exactly what a speaker wants to accomplish with a speech

stating your thesis

thesis statement/central idea: summarizes in a single declarative sentence the main ideas, assumptions, or arguments you want to express in your speech

master statuses

political affiliation, expert, doctor, professor. significant positions a person occupies within society that affect person's identity in almost all social situations. race, age, gender, religion

types of audiences

1. voluntary: people come together because they find something significant enough to listen to.
2. involuntary: attendance is required, might not prefer to be present, i.e. students in a public speaking class

standpoints

perspective from which a person views and evaluates society. -attitudes: a general positive or negative feeling a person has about something. reflect our beliefs, likes and dislikes
-beliefs: a person's idea of what is real, not real, true, not true
-valu

ethnocentrism

the belief that our own cultural perspectives,norms and ways of organizing society are superior to others

speaking environment

time and place in which a speaker will speak.
size of audience and arrangement of physical environment, technology, time of day, speaking order, length of speech

evaluating internet info

-is it reliable? .edu or .gov any disclaimers about info
-is it authoritative? can you contact person and ask for credentials, can you find credentials?
-how current is the info? tells you when it was posted or updated
-how complete is the info? much of t

plagiarism

presenting another person's words and ideas as your own.
-patchwork plagiarism: presenting a speech as your own from portions of several different sources
-global plagiarism: stealing an entire speech from a single source and presenting it as your own
-in

types and tips for using supporting material

-examples: specific instances to illustrate a concept or experience, issue or problem. use to clarify concepts, reinforce points, bring concepts to life, elicit emotion, build your case, make credible generalizations -hypothetical: an instance that did no

patterns of reasoning

-inductive reasoning: process of reasoning that uses specific instances or examples to make a claim about a general conclusion. hasty generalizations: reaching a conclusion without enough evidence to support it
-deductive reasoning: a process of reasoning

connectives

word or phrase used to link ideas in a speech
-transitions: phases that indicate that you are finished with one idea and moving on to a new one.
-internal previews: a statement in the body of your speech that details what you plan to discuss
-internal sum

preparation outline

title, specific purpose, thesis.
introduction
main points, subpoints (point in a speech that develops an aspect of a main point) sub subpoints (point in a speech that develops an aspect of a subpoint) coordination (process of arranging points into success

speaking outline

condensed form of a preparation outline that you use when speaking.

preparing a compelling introduction

-ask a question: rhetorical question: question used for effect, that an audience isn't supposed to answer out loud but rather in their own minds
-tell a story
-recite a poem or quote
-give a demonstration
-make an intriguing or startling statement
-state

abstract language

refers to ideas or concepts but not specific objects

concrete language

refers to a tangible object-a person place or thing.

semantic triangle of meaning

Thought (reference)
Symbol Referent
-thought/reference: memory and pat experiences that audience members have with an object concept or event.
-symbol: word or phrase spoken by a speaker
-referent: object, concept or event a symbol represents

imagery:

-simile: a comparison using like or as
-metaphor: comparison between two things by describing one thing as being something else
-mixed metaphor: makes illogical comparisons between two or more things
-personification: giving human characteristics to thing

rhythm:

arrangement of words into patterns so the sounds of the words together enhances the meaning of the phrase.
-parallelism: arrangement of related words so they are balanced or of related sentences so they have identical structures.
-repetition: repeating ke

verbal components of delivery

-use vocal variety: changes in the volume, rate and pitch of a speaker's voice that affect meaning of the words delivered
-volume: loudness of a speaker's voice, pay attention to nonverbal cues from audience
-rate: speed at which a speaker speaks
-pitch:

nonverbal components

-personal appearance: the way you dress, groom, and present themselves physically
-eye contact: visual contact with a person's eyes. make eye contact with many people, gather sense of understanding, look with interest
-facial expression: the movement of y

preparing and using visual aids

-objects (something that can be touched), models (a copy of an object), demonstrations (display how something is done or how it works)
-handouts: supplements the message
whiteboard and smartborad: write neat, legibly, speak to audience not board
poster bo

types of informative speeches

-speeches about processes: describes how something is done, comes to be what it is, how it works
-speeches about events: describes or explains a significant, interesting, or unusual occurrence.
-speeches about places and people: describes a significant in

organizational patterns of informative speeches

-chronological order: illustrates how a topic has developed over time, or steps taken in order
-spacial pattern: adress topics logically in terms of location or direction
-causal: highlight cause-and-effect relationships
-topical: adress different aspects

invitational environment

environment in which the speaker's highest priority is to understand, respect, and appreciate the range of possibilities, even if they are quite different from his or her belief.

types of invitational speeches

-speeches to explore an issue: invitational speech in which the speaker attempts to engage in a discussion about an idea, topic, or plan of action
-speeches to articulate a position: speaker invites the audience to understand an issue from his or her pers

tips for giving effective invitational speeches:

-use invitational language: i.e. i came to this view b/c.. in discussions say can you elaborate on that idea or how might that work?
-allow time for discussion
-know your position

types of persuasive speaking

-questions of fact: question that addresses whether something is verifiably true or not
-question of value: question that addresses the merit or mortality of an object, action, or belief
-questions of policy: address the best course of action or solution

fallacies

-argument that seems valid but is flawed b/c of unsound evidence of reasoning
-ad hominem fallacy: argument in which a speaker attacks a person rather than that person's arguments
-bandwagon fallacy: argument that something is correct or good because ever

logos

logical arrangement of evidence in a speech

pathos

emotional appeals made by a speaker

mythos

integrated set of beliefs, attitudes, values and feelings held by members of a particular society or culture. appealing to culture i.e. the American Dream

ethos

speaker's credibility

commemorative speech

speech that praises, honors, recognizes or pays tribute to a person, event, idea or institutions
2 most common types
1. speech of tribute: speech given to honor someone
2. speech of award: speech given to present a specific award to someone and describe w

policy model:

-need: general explanation of problem, population affected by problem, severity of problem, dangers involved if problem is not fixed
-plan: explain plan, state whom will enforce the plan, discuss funding
-practicality: cure- does the plan solve the proble