Public speaking final

What is the listening process? (Three steps)

receiving, attending, and understanding

What is receiving

the physiological process of hearing. (ear conversts the sound and transmits it to the brain)

what is attending

where you make your brain pay attentino to a given sound. (you ignore other sounds and listen to one)

what is understanding

when you apply meaning to a sound and is where communication really begins.

what is responding

where you give a formal response to the osunds you have processed.
-Verbal response: spoken or written feedback.
-nonverbal response: visual cues offered by the listener (nodding yes or frowning when confused)
-silence, or no perceptible responce

What are the types of listening?

Appreciative listening
empathic listening
informative listening
critical listening

what is appreciative listening?

happens when you listen for recreation or enjoyment. (ex: listening to a comedy show, listening to your favorite band, listening to water flowing in a stream and birds singing, etc...)

what is empathic listening

occurs when your purpose is to give the speaker emotional support.
(ex: a religious leader lsitening to a congregation member, a counselor listening to a patient, a friend listening to another friend in need)

what is informative listening?

when you want to gain insight or comprehension. This concentrates on language, ideas, and details as well as remembering the knowledge.
(ex: when a friend gives you directions to his new apartment, when a doctor gives you medical instructions, a sales ass

what is critical listening?

when you listen carefully to a message in order to judge it as acceptable or not. (ex when you listen to a presidental debate, a salesperson trying to sell you a new stereo, a friend when you are trying to decide if she is telling you the truth)

What can prevent effective listening?

Internal noise and External noise

What is Internal noise?

any barrier to effective listening that originates within the body or mind of the listener. can be physiological or psychological barriers
-physiologica barriersl: bodily conditions that prevent or constrain your ability to process information
-psychologi

How can you help your audience listen more effectively?

-Know your audience
-Grab the audience's attention
-create an effective message
-be confident
-control the environment
-listen to your audience

What is the process of effective speech evaluation?

-description (what did i see and hear)
-judgment (was it good or not)
-justification (why was it good or not?)
-Rationale (what is the logic or norm behind my justification)

What is the importance of critical thinking skills?

Will help to employ clear and successful reasoning.
Answers the questions: who, what, when, where, why and to whom?

How do you effectively evaluate a peer's speech?

-Oral evaluations: brief overviews, delievered in oral form, describing what the evaluator saw and felt about the speech.
-Written evaluations: assessments given in written form, which tend to contain more detailed descriptions and suggestions.

Speech evaluation standards for the message and presentation:

-The speech message (effectiveness of the topic selection, research, and the creation of the message.)
-The speaker's presentation (successful uses of language, delivery techniques, and presentation aids.)

Types of informative speeches and examples of each

-to describe: describes an object, a person, an animal, a place, or an event
-to explain: clarifies a concept or issue
-to instruct: teaches or demonstrates a process
-to report: oral report or briefing.

audience analysis for an informative speech

determine who is in your audience and understand wha tthey know, what they do not know, and what they need to know about your potential topic.
-personal traits (age, race, income, etc..)
-psychological traits (needs)
-social traits (group affiliations, et

Guidelines for researching an informative speech

-select materials that have a language level appropriate for your audience
-Find materials that will interest your audience because they are relevant, unique, current, and easy to understand
-If the topic is complex, make sure you use materials from multi

Language use in an informative speech

-remember that languagae creates meaning and can be culturally specific. You may have one definition for a word while your audience may have another.
-Avoid jargoin, acronyms, and unfamiliar references. If you need to use them, explain them in your speech

Definition of attitudes

-attitudes: learned and persistent psychological responses, predispositions, or inclinations to act one way or feel a given way toward something. (you may not like the color pink, so you do not respond favorably to anything pink. There is nothing wrong wi

Definition of values

values: are enduring [principles related to worth or what a person sees as right or wrong, important or unimportant. Values are hard to change, and support our attitudes and beliefs.

Definition of beliefs

-beliefs: anything people have learned toa ccept as plausible absed on interpretation and judgment. Tend to be peripheral, or less important, to the person holding them, because they are less related to the person's sense of self and identity in the world

Definition of behaviors

-behaviors: unconcealed actions or reactions people have, often in response to some sort of stimuli.

Propositions of fact, values, and policy, and where the proposition is found in your persuading speech

-Face: Answers "What is accurate or not?"
-Value: Answers "what has worth or importance? What is good, wise, ethical, or beautiful?"
-Policy: Answers "What procedures, plans, or courses of action need to be terminated and/or implemented?"
Located in the c

Definition of an argument and the related parts

an argument is a reason or a series of reasons you give to support an assertion. Three parts, Claim, evidence, and warrants
-Claim: the assertion you are making and will be a claim of fact, value, or policy
-Evidence: the information that proves your clai

Pathos, mythos, ethos, and logos appeals

-pathos: deals with the listener's emotions. You can use your audience's sympathy and imagination to affect their attitudes, values, beliefs, or behaviors.
-mythos: relates to a sense of one's history in the larger culture and the need to be a member of t

The hierarchy of needs

-self-actualization needs (relate to the need to reach your highest goal or potential
-Self-esteeem needs (relate to the need for respect or being viewed by others as important
-Social needs (the need to belong or t obe in a lasting relationship, such as

Monroe's motivated sequence

-Attention stage (you direct your audience's attention toward you and your topic)
-Need stage (you demonstrate to your audience that they have one of the need in the hierarchy
-satisfaction stage (you propose a solution to meet the need)
-visualization st

what are the different types of arguements?

-Deduction: construcs a series of general statements that prove the claim/conclusion correct
-Induction: argue from specific cases to a general statement suggesting something to be likely based on the specific cases.
-Analogy: conclude that something will

Types of persuasive speeches and when to use them

-To convince: to convince my audience to change their attitudes, values, or beliefs
-to stimulate: to stimulate the attitudes, values, or beliefs my audience already holds
-to actuate: to move my audience to action

Social judgment theory:

states that your persuasion will be easier, tolerated more, and potentially longer lasting if your audience can tie in what you are persuading about to what they find most acceptable

Primacy and recency models of arguments

-Primacy model suggests that you should put your strongest arguments first in the body of the speech.
-recency model is the reverse of primacy. Here, you begin with the weakest argument and end with the strongest.

Propositions of fact, value, and policy in a persuasive speech and examples of these persuasive claims

-fact: what is accurate or not? What will happen or not? (ex: the military plan in Afghanistan will bring down terrorism)
-value: What has worth or importance? What is good, wise, ethical, or beautiful? (ex: animal theme parks are cruel)
-policy: What pro

What are special occasion speeches

-speech to celebrate
-speech to commemorate
-speech to inspire
speech to entertain

Central ideas in special occasion speeches

-to celebrate: will honor or highlight a person, group, institution, place, or event. (weddings)
-to commemorate: pay tribute to or remember a person, group, institution, place, or event. Reside more in the past, or future, such as marking the the 8th ann

How to evaluate a special occasion speech

Rarely are evaluated but, you still want to make sure you have used an appropriate organizational strategy, and crafted a speech appropriate to the audience, topic, and occasion.

Types of special occasion speeches

-Eulogy or Tribute
-Speech of Introduction
-Toast or Roast
-Speech of award presentation
-speech of award acceptance
-after-dinner speech
speech of inspiration

Guidelines for toasts, roasts, and speeches of introduction

-Introduction: research the background of the speaker so you can give a brief overview of his or her accomplishments and credentials. Briefly preview the speaker's title and topic if appropriate. Intro should be short. Your final words should ask the audi

How to be a successful on-the-job speaker

-be a successful public speaker within your profession
-be able to create a business presentaion
-effectively communicate in a meeting
-effectively communicate in an interview
effectively communicate in a review

Tips for evaluating on-the-job speaking

-try to listen critically, not defensively
-withhold judgement until you have heard the entire message
-seek out a person who you can ask to evaluate your effectiveness
-if you are an audience member, offer constructive evaluation

How public speaking will help you in your profession

-help to spread your professional knowledge and promote your ideas
-aid in sustaining a positive and professional image for you at work
-develop your skills as a team player
-improve chances of receiving raises, bonuses, and other benefits for a job well

Organizational patterns for on-the-job speaking

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Guidelines for answering questions

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Definition of a small group

must include at least three or more people.

What are the phases of small group development

Forming
storming
norming
performing
terminating/reforming

What happens during each phase of small group development

-Forming: the group creates identity, seeks guidance and direction from the leader, and determines membership and roles
-storming: group starts focusing on its goal and may become complex as power and relationship issues emerge
-norming: occurs after the

Types of communication required to reach a group's goal

The Decide Model:
-Define the goal and problem
-Examine issues preventing goal success
-consider alternatives
-initiate a decision
-develop a plan
-evaluate the results

Group presentation formats

-Determine the Format
-Create the presentation
-give the presentation
-Listen and evaluate

the 3 types of Groupthink

1. Overestimations of the group�its power and morality
2. Closed-mindedness
3. Pressures toward uniformity

The difference between inductive and deductive argumentation

-Deductive: the process of reasoning from one or more general statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion
-Inductive: a kind of reasoning that constructs or evaluates general propositions that are derived from specific examples. (somethi

Reactance theory

when your freedom to make a decision is taken away. You will almost always do the opposite

language tools that can help connect with audience members

-Sight
-Sound
-Smell
-Taste
-Touch
-Movement
-Tension
-Simile (comparison using like or as)
-metaphor (implied comparison "your home is your castle")
-personification
-oxymoron (connecting two ordinarily contradictory words together "Jumbo shrimp")
-hyper

The authors of the theories presented in the persuasion chapters

-Cognitive dissonance Theory: Leon Festinger
-Expectancy-Outcome Values Theory: Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen
-Social Judgment theory: Muzafer Sherif and Carl Hovland
-Elaboration likelihood Model: richard Petty and John Cacioppo