Transactional Model of communication-
-The person with an idea to express is the source, and their ideas they are going got convey to the audience is the message. -The source encoded a message, meaning that he or she chooses verbal or non-verbal symbols to express their idea. Then the source
� Know why listening is important in public speaking
1. It has a powerful impact on the quality of your speech and your ability to connect with your audience. 2. How you listen as an audience member can strongly affect your ability to absorb information.
� Understand the differences between hearing and listening.
1. Listening: means actively paying attention to what you're hearing, processing the message to decide on its meaning, and remembering what you've heard and understood. 2. Hearing: means merely receiving messages in a passive way.
� Know and understand the two steps of effective listening.
1. Effective listening is made up of processing- actively thinking about what you have heard and observed. 2. And retaining- remembering what you have heard
� What are the six causes of ineffective listening?
1. Unprocessed note taking- taking word for word notes without thinking about what they're writing down. � You don't process what you hear. Leads to trouble retaining info 2. People who engage in nonlistening- simply don't pay attention to what they're he
� Know the three steps to becoming a better listener (interactive listening)?
1. Interactive listening- you filter out distractions, focus on what the other person of people have said, and communicate that you've paid attention. 2. Filter out distractions: � There are both external and internal distractions � External is like stree
� What are the six ways you can maximize your audience's listening?
1. Defeated listening- audience feels that your presentation is too difficult to follow. 2. Superficial listening- if audience members act as if they are listening but are actually distracted by external elements. 3. 1.Anticipate ineffective listening: �
� Be familiar with the five guidelines for listening when you are in the audience.
1. Speech critique- written or oral feedback offered after a presentation. 2. Take notes: you'll be able to access your thoughts when it comes time to offer your critique 3. Identify main points: 4. Consider the speech's objectives: constructive criticism
� Why should you use supporting materials in your speech?
1. Supporting materials- are the different types of information that you use to develop and support your main points. 2. They are the building blocks to a successful speech. 3. Helps your listeners better understand your message, capture their interest, a
� Know the six types of supporting materials.
1. Examples- are samples or instances that support or illustrate a general claim. a. Brief examples- quick bullet points (p.229) b. Extended examples- provide details about the instance being used, giving your audience a deeper and richer picture of your
� Understand the five guidelines for using supporting materials.
1. Use a variety of supporting materials: a. Using the same supporting material over and over again reduces effectiveness. 2. Appeal to different learning styles: a. People are active, reflective, and visual learners appeal to all. 3. Avoid long lists 4.
� What are the four steps in selecting your main points?
1. Main points- the few ideas that are most important for your listeners to remember. 2. Supporting points- materials designed to prove or substantiate your main points. 3. Consider your purpose: make sure that every main point relates to the specific pur
� Know the principles for organizing your supporting materials
1. Subordination- means creating a hierarchy of points and their supporting materials in your speech. 2. Subpoints- supporting materials to the main points. 3. Sub-subpoints- materials that support subpoints. 4. Coordination- each point is coordinate with
� Be familiar with the eight organizational patterns and the reasons for using each.
1. Spatial pattern- the main points represent important aspects of your topic that can be thought of as adjacent to one another in location or geography. a. Useful in speeches that can be broken down into specific parts. 2. Temporal pattern- you present t
� Be familiar with the types of organizing words and sentences and the appropriate ways to use each.
1. Transitions- a sentence that indicates you are moving from one part of your speech to the next. 2. Signposts- words or phrases within sentences that help your audience understand your speech's structure. a. Inform audience about the direction and organ
� Be familiar with the five purposes of a good introduction and how to accomplish each.
1. Gain your audience's attention: a. Attention-getter- material intended to capture the audience's interest at the start of a speech. b. Tell a story or anecdote c. Offer a striking or provocative statement: interesting fact that is new, ironic, or count
� Understand the purpose of a good conclusion and the three steps of a good conclusion (in order).
1. Your conclusion serves another purpose: it helps you sum up the message you developed in the body and leave a memorable impression in your audience's minds. 2. Transition: 3. Summarize main points: a. Summary- a brief review of your main points. 4. Fin
� Be familiar with the two types of outlines and the situations in which each are appropriate.
1. Working outline- contains all of the points in your speech written in full sentences or detailed phrases. Very specific. Useful for first organizing your thoughts and rehearsing your speech. 2. Speaking outline- (extemporaneous delivery) is preferred w
� Know the three sections of a working outline and what to include in each.
1. Introduction: a. Attention-getter b. Topic or thesis c. Connection with the audience d. Your credibility e. preview 2. The body: a. Outline the body first b. Body- of your outline represents the meat of your presentation. c. Check for subordination: su
� Understand how to create a bibliography.
1. Bibliography- a list of the sources you cited in your speech. a. Full citations, in either mla or apa format.
� Know how to construct a speaking outline. What elements must it contain?
1. Extemporaneous delivery- speaking from limited notes rather than reading word-for-word, or for memory. 2. Use 5 by 7 note cards. 3. Condensed version of your working outline. 4. Include: main points, subpoints and sub-subpoints, evidence, difficult wor
� Why is language and word choice important?
1. Words can inform, inspire, and uplift others. 2. Word choice reflects you as a speaker; your words and phrases convey your ethos to your listeners
� Know the differences between oral and written language.
1. Oral language is more adaptive. a. Able to read the audience and adapt to the situation 2. Oral language tends to be less formal. a. Writers can go over their words and make changes. Using precise word choice and follow syntax and grammar rules. b. Eff
� Know the differences between denotative and connotative meaning.
1. Denotative meaning- the exact, literal dictionary definition, of a word. 2. Connotative meanings- associations that come to mind when people hear or read the word.
� Understand the four ways you can make your message as clear as possible.
1. Understandable language: consists of words your listeners recognize. Analyze listeners demographics to see what language would be most effective. a. Jargon- specialized or technical words or phrases familiar to people in a specific field or group. (be
� Be familiar with the five suggestions for expressing your ideas effectively.
1. Repetition: grabs attentions and leaves memory in audience heads, use sparingly. 2. Hypothetical examples- imagined examples or scenarios that you invite your audience to think about. 3. Personal anecdotes (brief stories): builds credibility and assure
� Why is it important to choose respectful and unbiased language?
1. Helps you deliver more effective presentation because audience remains open to your ideas and view you as fair.
� Know the guidelines for choosing respectful and unbiased language.
1. Avoid Biased language- word choice that suggests prejudice or preconceptions about other people. 2. Avoid negative stereotypes- are critical generalizations about characteristics that members of a group can't change. 3. Use gender-neutral References: g
� Why should speakers use audiovisual aids?
1. Audiovisual aids- anything that the members of your audience can see or hear that helps them understand and remember your presentation. a. Listeners are more likely to grasp spoken facts and concepts if presenters also provide visual and other non-verb
� Be familiar with the seven types of audiovisual aids and the reasons for using each.
1. the speaker 2. assistants: if you serving as an audiovisual aid yourself would complicate things ask someone else to help with demonstrations. 3. Objects 4. Printed materials: maps, charts, graphs, drawing, and photographs a. Map- a visual representati
� Understand the three aspects of audience analysis that merit special consideration when choosing audiovisual aids.
1. Consider the Forum- where the speech is held. 2. Demographics: 3. Prior exposure- may provide positive or negative influence your audience's response to those aids.
� Know the eight guidelines for preparing audiovisual aids.
1. Make sure your aids support your point 2. Consider your audience 3. Test the size of visual aids 4. Test the legibility of visual aids 5. Test the volume and clarity of audio aids 6. Create contrast 7. Keep you aids simple 8. Practice using your aids 9
� Know the four guidelines for using audiovisual aids during your speech.
1. Make sure everyone can see and hear your aids 2. Control audience interaction with your aids 3. Maintain eye contact 4. Remember the purpose of your aids
� Know the three distinguishing characteristics of persuasive speeches.
1. Persuasive speech- you attempt to influence your audience member's beliefs, attitudes, or actions. a. Persuasive speeches attempt to influence audience members b. Utilize strategic discourse � Strategic discourse- the process of selecting arguments tha
� How can you frame your argument based on audience disposition (attitude towards your speech)?
1. Frame around the type of audiences hostile, sympathetic, neutral 2. Audience members have a latitude of acceptance- the range of positions on a given issue that are acceptable to them. 3. They also have a set of positions that are unacceptable, which i
� Be familiar with the three guidelines for incorporating persuasive strategies.
1. Relate main and supporting points to your audience 2. Appealing to your audience's needs a. Needs- objects they desire and feelings that must be satisfied 3. Connecting to your listeners' values a. Values- are "core conceptions" of what is desirable fo
� Understand the four important ethical considerations for persuasive speakers.
1. Help your audience make an informed decision 2. Research your facts 3. Note any biases 4. Attribute your research properly
� Know and understand the most effective organizational patterns for fact, value, and policy claims.
1. Fact claims: casual pattern, comparison pattern, categorical pattern 2. Value claims: criteria-application pattern, categorical pattern 3. Policy claims: motivated sequence pattern- aims to establish five main points. Also problem-cause-solution patter
� Understand the elements of credibility and how to build and maintain your credibility.
1. Ethos-credibility- speaker has far more persuasive power than one without. 2. Competence- (knowledgable and experienced)refers to practical wisdom and trustworthiness (honest and fair)instead of the word virtue 3. Goodwill- wanting what is best for the
� Know how to use reasoning and evidence and how to avoid logical fallacies.
1. Logos- (reasoning and evidence)presenting trustworthy facts to back your claims and clearly show how those facts have led you to those claims. 2. Evidence- proof of your claim 3. Fallacious reasoning- twisting or distorting facts in your favor. 4. Usin
7. Avoid logical fallacies
a. Ad populum fallacy ( bandwagon fallacy)- if you assume that a statement is true because many people believe it is. b. Straw person fallacy- replacing your opponents real claim with a weaker claim you can more easily rebut. c. Slippery slope fallacy- ar
� Understand how to use pathos effectively.
1. Pathos- emotional appeal. (your burger had a face) 2. Fear appeal- an argument that arouses fear in the minds of audience members. Can be a powerful form of pathos.
� Small group� Group dynamics-
- a limited number of people gathered for a specific purpose- the ways in which member relate to one another and view their functions.
� Understand the three types of leaders and how to select a leader.
1. Designated leader- selected by an external authority. 2. Implied leader- someone with preexisting authority or skills particularly well suited to the task at hand. 3. Emergent leader- one who comes to be recognized as a leader by the groups members
� What are the guidelines for effectively leading meetings?
1. Address procedural needs 2. Model the behavior you expect 3. Facilitate discussion 4. Keep members on task 5. Help members avoid groupthink a. Groupthink- members tendency to accept ideas and information uncritically because of strong feelings of loyal
� Know the five steps for effectively managing conflicts.
1. managing conflict 2. Refer to ideas by topic not person 3. Resolve conflicts quickly 4. Focus on tasks, not disagreements 5. Manage disruptive emotions.
� Know the three types of member roles.
1. Task-oriented roles: contribute to the group's ability to accomplish its goals. 2. Maintenance-oriented roles: sustain relationships 3. Self-oriented roles
� Be familiar with the six tips for participating in a small group.
1. Prepare for group meetings 2. Treat other members courteously 3. Listen interactively 4. Participate don't dominate 5. Participate authentically 6. Fulfill your commitments
� Know and understand the five steps in the reflective-thinking process.
Reflective-thinking process has 5 steps 1. Define the problem: need to know before you can take action 2. Analyze the problem: what are the primary aspects of the problem, which are most important to focus on? 3. Establish criteria for solutions: what fac
� Know the three types of group presentations and the reasons for using each.
1. Symposium- several or all group members speak to the audience 2. Panel discussion- members engage in discourse with each other, observed by the audience; and a presentation by one member representing the group. a. Moderator- introduces the panelists (t