visualization
This exercise to manage speech anxiety requires you to close your eyes and see a series of positive feelings and reactions that will occur on the day of the speech.
Communication skills
According to Job outlook 2009, this is the top skill that employers seek
Dyadic communication
The type of communication that happens between two people.
Small group communication
this type of communication involves a small number of people who can see and speak directly with one another.
Mass communication
this type of communication occurs between a speaker and a large audience of unknown people who usually are not present with the speaker, or is so large that there is no interaction between audience and speaker
Public speaking
where a speaker delivers a message with a specific purpose to an audience of people who are present during the delivery of the speech.
rhetoric
originally, the practice of giving speeches was known as...
general speech purposes
for any given topic, you should direct your speech toward one of three............
informative speech
provides audience with new info, insights, or way of thinking
persuasive speech
intends to influence the attitudes, beliefs, values, or acts of others.
Special occasion speech
aka. ceremonial speech. marks a special event, can be informative or persuasive, or a mix of both.
Vocal delivery
includes speech volume, pitch, rate, variety, pronunciation, and articulation
public-speaking anxiety
fear or anxiety associated with either actual or anticipated communication to an audience as a speaker
nonverbal speech behavior
includes facial expression, gestures, general body movement, and overall physical appearance.
copyright
the legal protection afforded the original creators for literary and artistic works
active listening
listening that is focused and purposeful, and isn't possible under conditions that distract us
dif. between thought speed and speech speed
We listen to speeches that clock in at 90-200 words per minute, but our brains think at 500-600 words per minute. this is known as...
Fair use
permits the limited use of copyrighted works without permission for the purposes of scholarship, criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, or research.
direct quotations
are statements made verbatim---or word for word---by someone else
audience analysis
is the process of gathering and analyzing information about audience members' attributes and motivations with the explicit aim of preparing your speech in ways that will be meaningful to them
attitudes
are our general evaluations of people, ideas, objects, or events
values
are our most enduring judgements about what's good and bad in life
beliefs
are the ways in which people perceive reality
captive audience
an audience that is required to hear the speaker
target audience
audience is those individuals within the broader audience whom you are most likely to influence in the direction you seek.
specific speech purpose
lays out precisely what you want the audience to get from your speech
examples
illustrate, describe, or represent things. They aid understanding by making ideas, items, or events more concrete.
anecdotes
are brief stories of interesting and often humorous incidents based on real life
expert testimony
includes findings, eyewitness accounts, or opinions from professionals trained to evaluate a given topic
lay testimony
or testimony by experts or non-witnesses, can reveal compelling firsthand information that may be unavailable to others
facts
represent documented occurrences, including actual events, dates, times, people, and places.
statistics
are quantified evidence that summarizes, compares, and predicts things
co- culture
social community whose perspectives and style of communicating differ significantly from yours
Primary research
original, firsthand research such as interviews and surveys.
Secondary research
research includes research done by others
refereed journals
are journals evaluated by experts before being published and supply sources for the information they contain.
general interest magazines
are magazines that rarely contain citations and may or may not be written by experts on the topic.
general
encyclopedias attempt to cover all importan subject areas of knowledge
specialized
encyclopedias delve deeply into one subject area, such as religion, science, art, sports, or engineering
almanacs
(fact books) contain facts and statistics on many subject areas and are published annually.
information
is data that are understandable and have the potential to become knowledge when viewed critically
Misinformation
always refers to something that is not true.
Disinformation
is the deliberate falsification of information.
propaganda
is information presented in such a way as to provoke a desired response.
meta-search engines
scan a variety of individual search engines simultaneously.
pain placement
Some engines and directories accept fees from companies in exchange for a guaranteed higher ranking within results. This is known as ...
source credibility
refers to our level of trust in a sources's credentials and track record for providing accurate information.
source qualifier
a brief description of the source's qualifications to address the topic.
specific purpose
the goal of the speech
thesis
central idea of the speech
3-5
for most speeches, use at least ..... main points
one idea
each main point should introduce more than
declarative sentence
express each main point as a........ one that states a fact of argument
supporting points
represent the supporting material or evidence you have gathered to justify the main points.
transitions
are words, phrases or sentences that tie speech ideas together, enabling the speaking to move smoothly from one point to the next
preview statement
is in the intro, briefly introduces the main points of the speech
internal statements
within the body of a speech, can be used to alert audience members to a shift from one main point or idea to another.
chronological pattern of arrangement
follows the natural sequential order of the main points.
spatial pattern of arrangement
this pattern of arrangement occurs when the points are arranged in order of their physical proximity or direction relative to one another.
causal pattern of arrangement
represents cause-effect relationships
problem-solution pattern of arrangement
pattern of arrangement organizes main points to demonstrate the nature and signi?cance of a problem and to provide justi?cation for a proposed solution.
topical pattern of arrangement
When each of the main points is a subtopic or category of the speech topic, try the ________ pattern of arrangement (also called categorical pattern).
narrative organizational pattern
In the __________ organizational pattern, the speech consists of a story or series of short stories, replete with character, settings, plot, and vivid imagery.
circular organizational pattern
A pattern that is particularly useful when you want listeners to follow a line of reasoning is the _________ organizational pattern. Here, you develop one idea, which leads to another, which leads to a third, and so forth, until you arrive back at the spe
working outline
The purpose of the ________ outline is to organize and ?rm up main points and, using the evidence you've collected, to develop supporting points to substantiate them.
speaking outline
This outline (also called a delivery outline) is the one you will use when you are practicing and actually presenting the speech
sentence outline
In a ________ outline, each main and supporting point is stated in sentence form as a declarative sentence (one that makes an assertion about a subject).
phrase outline
A ________ outline uses partial construction of the sentence form of each point. These outlines encourage you to become so familiar with your speech points that a glance at a few words is enough to remind you of exactly what to say
key-word outline
The _________ outline uses the smallest possible units of understanding to outline the main and supporting points.
AFTER
Prepare the introduction _________ you've completed the speech body. This way, when you turn to the introduction, you will know exactly what you need to preview.
brief, 10-15 %
Keep the introduction ________� as a rule, no more than _______ percent of the body of the speech. Nothing will turn off an audience more quickly than waiting interminably for you to get to the point
rhetorical
questions do not invite actual responses. Instead, they make the audience think
brief, 10%
Keep the conclusion _______� as a rule, no more than ______ percent of the body of the speech. Conclude soon after you say you are about to end.
inspire and motivate
Carefully consider your use of language. More than in other parts of the speech, the conclusion can contain words that __________.
after
As with the introduction, prepare the conclusion _______ you've completed the speech body
style
A speaker's _____ can make a speech colorful and convincing or bland and boring
jargon
Translate ________ � the specialized, "insider" language of a given profession � into commonly understood terms.
repetition
Good speeches, even very brief ones, often repeat key words and phrases. _________ adds emphasis to important ideas, helps listeners follow your logic, and imbues language with rhythm and drama. *
concrete language
_________ language conveys meaning that is speci?c, tangible, and de?nite
abstract language
_______ language is general or nonspeci?c, leaving meaning open to interpretation
imagery
is concrete language that uses the senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing, and touch to paint mental pictures
analogy
An _________ is an extended metaphor or simile that clari?es an unfamiliar concept by comparing it to a more familiar one
code-switching
Done carefully, the selective use of dialect, sometimes called ____________, can imbue your speech with friendliness, humor, earthiness, honesty, and nostalgia
denotative meaning
The ________ meaning of a word is its literal, or dictionary, de?nition
connotative meaning
The ______ meaning of a word is the special (often emotional) association that different people bring to bear on it
alliteration
_________ is the repetition of the same sounds, usually initial consonants, in two or more neighboring words or syllables. This use of language drives home themes and leaves listeners with a lasting impression
parallelism
The arrangement of words, phrases, or sentences in a similar form is known as _________. This language structure can help the speaker emphasize important ideas in the speech. It also creates a sense of steady or building rhythm
manuscript
When speaking from _________, you read a speech verbatim � that is, from prepared written text that contains the entire speech, word for word.
oratory
The formal name for speaking from memory is ____________. In this style, you put the entire speech, word for word, into writing and then commit it to memory.
impromptu
Speaking _________, a type of delivery that is unpracticed, spontaneous, or improvised, involves speaking on relatively short notice with little time to prepare.
extemporaneous
In __________ speaking, instead of memorizing or writing the speech word for word, you speak from an outline of key words and phrases, having concentrated throughout your preparation and practice on the ideas that you want to communicate.
extemporaneous
In most situations, select the ___________ method of delivery. Thoroughly prepare and practice your speech in advance of delivery. Speak from a key-word or phrase outline that has been adapted from a full-sentence outline
volume
The proper ____________ for delivering a speech is somewhat louder than that of normal conversation.
pitch
________ is the range of sounds from high to low (or vice versa). Vocal _______ is important in speechmaking because it powerfully affects the meaning associated with spoken words.*same word for both answers
pauses
_______ enhance meaning by providing a type of punctuation, emphasizing a point, drawing attention to a key thought, or just allowing listeners a moment to contemplate what is being said.
vocal fillers
Avoid meaningless _____________, such as "uh," "hmm," "you know," "I mean," and "it's like. " *
enthusiasm
_______ is key to achieving effective vocal variety
pronunciation
_____ is the correct formation of word sounds
annunciation
_____ is the clarity or forcefulness with which the sounds are made, regardless of whether they are pronounced correctly
dialect
These are distinctive ways of speaking associated with a particular region or social group. _____ such as Cajun, Appalachian English, and Ebonics (Black English) differ from standard language patterns such as general American English (GAE) in pronunciatio