persuasive speaking
public speech that aims to influence listeners' beliefs, attitudes, and actions
persuasion
an attempt to motivate others, through communication, to adopt or maintain a specific manner of thinking or doing
belief
perception about what is true or false, accurate or inaccurate
three forms of rhetorical proof
-ethos
-pathos
-logos
ethos
a speaker's respectability, trustworthiness, and moral character
pathos
listener's emotions
logos
listener's ability to reason
Emotional appeals
-fear
-guilt
-joy
-disgust
-shame
-anger
-sadness
inductive reasoning
a form of reasoning in which one considers evidence and then draws general conclusions from it
deductive reasoning
a form of reasoning in which one starts with a general conclusion and then uses it to explain specific individual cases
syllogism
a three line argument consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
enthymeme
a syllogism in which one of the premises is already so widely known and accepted that it is omitted
proposition of fact
a claim that a particular argument is supported by the best available evidence and should therefore be taken as factual
proposition of value
a claim that evaluates the worth of a person, an object, or an idea
proposition of policy
a claim about what should be done
problem solving pattern
a way of organizing a persuasive speech in which the speaker establishes the existence of a problem and then proposes a solution to it
refutational approach
a way of organizing a persuasive speech in which the speakers begins by presenting the main arguments against his or her position and then immediately refutes those arguments
comparative advantage method
a way of organizing a persuasive speech in which the speaker explains why his or her point of view is superior to others on the same topic
Monroe's motivated sequence
attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action
logical fallacy
a line of reasoning that, even if it makes sense, does not support the speakers point
ad hominem fallacy
a statement that attempts to counter an argument by criticizing the person who made it
slippery slope fallacy
a statement that attacks an argument by taking it to such extremes that it appears ludicrous
either/or fallacy
a statement that identifies two alternatives and falsely suggests that if one is rejected, the other must be accepted
false-cause fallacy
a statement asserting that if an event occurs before some outcome, the event therefore caused that outcome
bandwagon appeal
a claim that a listener should accept an argument because of how many people have already accepted it
hast generalization
a broad claim that is based on insufficient evidence
red herring fallacy
a statement that responds to an argument by introducing an irrelevant detail to divert attention from the point of the argument
straw man fallacy
a statement that refutes a claim that was never made
begging the question
supporting an argument which claims whose truth is taken for granted but never verified
appeal to false authority
a claim that uses as evidence the testimony of someone who is not an expert on that topic
receptive audience
an audience composed of people who already accept and agree with all or most of what a speaker plans to say
neutral audience
an audience lacking strong feelings for or against the topic of a speech
hostile audience
an audience in which listeners are predisposed to disagree with the speaker
build rapport
Create the perception that listeners and the speaker see things similarly
three components of credibility
competence
character
charisma