Visual Framework
The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas.
Bibliography
A list of all the sources used in preparing the speech.
Preparation Outline
A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, sub points, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.
Speaking Outline
A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech.
Delivery Cues
Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech.
Concrete Words
Words that refer to tangible objects.
Parallelism
The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.
Thesaurus
A book of synonyms.
Abstract Words
Words that refer to ideas or concepts.
Imagery
The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas.
Clutter
Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea.
Alliteration
Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words.
Antithesis
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.
Rhythm
The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.
Connotative Meaning
The meaning suggested by the association or emotions triggered by a word or phrase.
Cliche
A trite or over uesd expression.
Repetition
Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive causes or sentences.
Generic "he
The use of "he" to refer to both men and women.
Denotative Meaning
The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase.
Simile
An explicit comparison, introduced with the word like or as, between things that are essentially different yet have
something in common.
Metaphor
An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as", between two things that are essentially
different yet have something in common.
Eye Contact
Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.
Volume
The loudness or softness of a speaker's voice.
Inflections
Changes in the pitch and tone of a speaker's voice.
Pronunciation
The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.
Rate
The speed at which a person speaks.
Vocal Variety
Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness.
Gestures
Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech.
Dialect
A variety of a language distinguished by variations or accent, grammar, or vocabulary.
Impromptu Speech
A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.
Pitch
The highness or lowness of a speaker's voice.
Conversational Quality
Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed.
Pause
A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech.
Vocalized Pause
A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as, "uh," "um," and "er.
Extemporaneous Speech
A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.
Monotone
A constant tone or pitch of voice.
Kinesics
The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication.
Manuscript Speech
A speech that is written out word for word and is read to the audience.
Nonverbal Communication
Communication that occurs as a result of appearance, posture, gesture, eye contact, facial expressions, and other non-linguistic factors.
Articulation
Uttered clearly in distinct syllables.