Similarities between Public Speaking and Conversation (4)
1. Logical order
2. Tell stories for maximum impact
3. Adapt to audience feedback
4. Tailor to audience
Differences between public speaking and conversation (3)
1. public speaking uses more formal language
2. public speaking is more highly structured
3. public speaking has a different method of delivery
Dealing with Nerves (5)
1. Don't expect perfection
2. most nervousness isn't visible
3. think positively
4. gain experience
5. prepare
Components of Speech Communication Process (7)
1. speaker
2. message
3. feedback
4. interference
5. channel
6. situation
7. listener
Guidelines for Ethical Speaking (5)
1. Make your goals ethically sound
2. fully prepare
3. be honest
4. avoid name-calling and abusive language
5.put ethical principles into practice
guidelines for ethical listening (3)
1. don't prejudge speaker
2. be courteous and attentive
3. maintain free and open expression of ideas
Types of listening (4)
1. empathic
2. appreciative
3. comprehensive
4. critical
causes of poor listening (4)
1. listening too hard
2. not concentrating
3. focusing on personal appearance or delivery
4. jumping to conclusions
Ways to become a better listener (6)
1. develop note-taking habits
2. take listening seriously
3. be active listener
4. resist distractions
5. don't be diverted by appearance/delivery
6. focus your listening
Components of Demographic Audience Analysis (6)
1. Age
2. gender
3. sexual orientation
4. religion
5. group membership
6. ethnic/cultural/racial background
Situational audience analysis components (5)
1. size
2. physical setting
3. disposition toward speaker
4. disposition toward topic
5. disposition toward occasion
types of survey questions (3)
1. fixed alternative
2. scaled
3. open ended
types of reference works (4)
1. yearbooks
2. quotebooks
3. biographical aids
4. encyclopedias
Criteria for Evaluating Internet Documents (3)
1. Sponsorship
2. Authorship
3. recency
During Interview (6)
1. Set up recorder
2. remind of purpose
3. dress appropriately/ be on time
4. keep on track
5. listen carefully
6. don't overstay welcome
Before Interview (5)
1. Decide purpose
2. decide whom to interview
3. arrange interview
4. think of questions
5. decide whether to record interview
After Interview (2)
1. review notes ASAP
2. transcribe notes
3. thank you letter
Tips for Doing Research (3)
1. take notes
2. think critically as you research
3. start early
Types of Supporting Materials (3)
1. testimony
2. statistics
3. examples
Types of Examples (3)
1. brief
2. extended
3. hypothetical
Tips for Using Examples (5)
1. reinforce ideas
2. clarify ideas
3. personalize ideas
4. vivid richly texture
5. practice delivery
Tips for Using Statistics (6)
1. explain
2. round off
3. quantify ideas
4. identify sources
5. visual aids
6. use sparingly
Testimony Types (2)
1. expert
2. peer
Tips for Testimony (4)
1. identify speaker
2. qualified sources
3. quote accurately
4. unbiased sources
Ways of Organizing Main Points (5)
1. spatial
2. chronological
3. causal
4. topical
5. problem-solution
Types of Connectives (4)
1. transitions
2. internal previews
3. internal summaries
4. sign posts
Introduction Components (5)
1. attention grabber
2. establish credibility
3. relate to audience
4. preview main points
5. state topic
Types of Attention-Getters (7)
1. story
2 quote
3 startle audience
4 arouse curiosity
5 importance of topic
6 question audience
7 relate to audience
Conclusion components (2)
1. signal end of speech
2. reinforce central idea
Ways to Reinforce Central Idea (4)
1. summarize
2. quote
3. grand statement
4.refer to introduction
Ways to Use Language Clearly (3)
1. use familiar words
2. eliminate clutter
3. use concrete words
Types of Imagery (4)
1 concrete words
2 simile
3 metaphor
4 cliche
Rhythm (4)
1 alliteration
2 antithesis
3 repetition
4 parallelism
Using Inclusive Language (4)
1 avoid generic he
2 don't stereotype job/social gender roles
3 use the names groups use to identify themselves
4 keep updated
Methods of Delivery (4)
1. Manuscript speech
2. impromptu
3 recited from memory
4 extemporaneous
Speaker's voice (8)
1 volume
2 pitch
3 tone
4 vocal variety
5 rate
6 pause
7 pronunciation
8 articulation
Speaker's Body (4)
1. personal appearance
2. gestures
3 eye contact
4 movement
practicing delivery (6)
1 go through preparation outline aloud
2. prepare speaking outline
3. practice speech aloud several times
4. refine delivery
5. start early
6. dress rehearsal
Preparing for Q&A (2)
1. think of answers to possible questions
2. practice delivering answers
Managing Q&A (5)
1. stay on track
2. be positive
3. be honest
4. direct answers to entire audience
5. listen carefully
Types of Visual Aids (7)
1. models and objects
2. photos and drawings
3. speaker
4. video
5. graphs
6. charts
7. PowerPoint
Preparing Visual Aids (7)
1. use color effectively
2. use font effectively
3. make sure it is large enough
4. don't use too much text
5. keep simple
6. prepare in advance
7. don't use unnecessary images
Presenting Visual Aids (7)
1 speak to audience not aid
2 put aids where can be seen
3 keep aid visible only while presenting
4 explain
5 check room and equipment
6 practice
7 don't pass aid into audience
Types of Informative Speeches (4)
1 concept
2 object
3 event
4 process
Guidelines for Informative Speaking (6)
1. be creative
2. avoid abstractions
3 don't be too technical
4 relate to audience
5 don't overestimate the audience's knowledge
6 personalize ideas
Types of Leadership (4)
1 implied
2 emergent
3 designated
4 no specific leader
Functions of leadership (3)
1 task needs
2 maintenance needs
3. procedural needs
Responsibilities of Small Group Member (5)
1 encourage full participation
2 commit to goals of group
3 fulfill individual assignments
4 avoid interpersonal conflicts
5 keep discussion on track
Steps of Reflective-Thinking Method
1 establish problem
2 analyze problem
3 develop criteria for solution
4 generate possible solutions
5 decide on best solution
Types of Group Presentations
1 oral report
2 panel discussion
3 symposium