Stage Fright
Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech
Adrenaline
A hormone release into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress
Positive Nervousness
Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for his presentation
Visualization
Mental imagining in which a speaker vividly pictures himself giving a successful presentation.
Critical Thinking
Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence and the differences between fact and option.
Speaker
The person who is presenting an oral message
Message
whatever a speaker communicates
Channel
the means by which the message is communicated
Interference
Anything that impedes the communication of the message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners.
Situation
The time and place in which the speech communication occurs.
Enthnocentrism
The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups
Frame of Reference
the sum of a person's knowledge or experience.
Feedback
The message usually nonverbal sent from listener to speaker.
Ethics
The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong.
Ethical Decisions
Sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards against a set of guidelines.
Global plagiarism
Stealing a speech without using sources
Patchwork Plagiarism
Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing it off as your own
Incremental Plagiarism
Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed
Hearing
the vibration of sound waves
Listening
Paying close attention and understanding
Appreciative Listening
Listening for enjoyment
Empathic Listening
Listening to provide emotional support for the speaker
Comprehensive Listening
Listening to Understand the message of a speaker
Critical Listening
Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it
Spare "Brain Time
The difference between he rate at which most people talking (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 words a minute)
Active Listening
Giving undivided attention
Key Word Outline
An outline that briefly nones a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form.
Ice Breaker Speech
A speech early in the term designed to get students speaking in front of a class.
Topical Order
A method of speech organization the which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.
Extemporaneous Speech
a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
General Purpose
The broad goal of a speech
Specific Purpose
A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his speech
Central Idea
A one sentence that sums up the major ideas of the speech
Residual Message
what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech
Audience centerdness
keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
Demographic Audience Analysis
Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors
Stereotyping
creating an oversimplified image of a particular group
Situational Audience Analysis
audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic.
Fixed alternative questions
Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives
Scale question
questions that require responses that fixed intervals along a scale of answers.
Open ended Questions
questions that allow respondents to answer however they want
Supporting Materials
The materials used to support a speaker's ideas.
Brief Example
a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point
Extended Example
A story, narrative, or anecdote
Testimony
Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point
Expert Testimony
Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields
Peer Testimony
Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight
Quoting out of context
Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement form the words and phrases surrounding it
Strategic Organization
Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result for a particular audience
Main Points
The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain two to five main points.
Spatial Order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
Causal Order
A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship
Problem-Solution order
A method of speech organization in which the first main points deals with the existence of a problem and the second deals with the solution
Connective
A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them
Transition
A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
Internal Preview
A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.
Internal Summary
A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speakers preceding point or points
Signpost
A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
Credibility
The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic
Goodwill
The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind
Preview Statement
A statement in the introduction of a speech that indicates the main points
Crescendo Ending
A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power
Dissolve ending
A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading steps by step to a dramatic final statement
Informative Speech
a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding
Process
A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result
Speech of Introduction
a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience
Speech of Presentation
A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
Acceptance Speech
A speech that gives thanks for a gift
Commemorative Speech
a speech that pays tribute