matter or energy
All things can be classified as ____________ or _____________
matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass
atoms and molecules
The fundamental building blocks of matter
mass
The quantity of matter contained in a physical object as described by it's energy equivalence
weight
The force exerted on a body under the influence of gravity
matter
Anything that occupies space
joules
Energy is measured in ________________ in the International System
electron volt
Energy is measured in ____________ in radiology
potential energy
The ability to do work by virtue of position
energy
The ability to do work
kinetic energy
The energy of motion
chemical energy
The energy released by a chemical reaction
biochemistry
The ability to provide our body with energy through the foods we eat at the molecular level
electrical energy
The work that can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference (voltage)
thermal energy (heat)
The energy of motion at the molecular level
more; higher
The faster the molecules of a substance are vibrating, the ___________ thermal energy the substance has and the ____________ is its temperature
nuclear energy
The energy that is contained within the nucleus of an atom
electromagnetic energy
The type of energy used in x-ray imaging
x-rays
gamma rays
radio waves
microwaves
ultraviolet light
infrared light
visible light
Name the types of electromagnetic energy
theory of relativity
The idea that matter and energy are interchangeable
E = mc^2
mass-energy equivalence equation
radiation
Energy emitted and transferred through space
electromagnetic radiation
radiation
Other names for electromagnetic energy
irradiated
Matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all of it is said to be...
radiation
The transfer of energy
ionizing radiation
Radiation that is capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts
ionization
The interaction between radiation and matter
ion pair
The orbital electron and the atom from which it was separated are called...
electron
The negative ion in an ion pair
remaining atom
The positive ion in an ion pair
ionization
The removal of an electron from an atom
x-rays
gamma rays
ultraviolet light
The forms of electromagnetic energy that can ionize are...
alpha particles
beta particles
Examples of particle-type ionizing radiation
natural environmental radiation
man-made radiation
What are the two main categories of the sources of ionizing radiation?
3 mSv
Annual dose from natural environmental radiation
3.2 mSv
Annual dose from man-made radiation
effective dose
The mSv is the unit of what?
cosmic rays
terrestrial radiation
internally deposited radionuclides
radon
The four components of natural environmental radiation
radon
The largest source of natural environmental radiation
uranium
Radon is created by the decay of what material?
concrete
bricks
gypsum wall-board
What earth based materials contain radon?
alpha particles
What type of radiation does radon emit?
lungs
What part of the body does alpha particles affect the most?
0.02 to 0.1 microgray/hour
What is the hourly exposure from natural environmental radiation at waist level in the US?
diagnostic x-rays
What constitutes the largest man-made source of ionizing radiation?
CT
high-level fluoro
The major increase in exposure due to diagnostic medicine is attributable to...
diagnostic x-rays
nuclear power generation
research applications
industrial sources
consumer items
Examples of man-made radiation
crookes tube
What type of tube was used when Roentgen discovered x-rays?
barium platinocyanide
A plate coated with ___________ helped discover the first x-rays.
fluorescence
The glow created by stimulation by photons
1896
When was the first medical x-ray produced?
radiography
fluoroscopy
computed tomography
What are the three general types of x-ray examinations?
high voltage
electric current
What two things must be supplied to an x-ray tube in order to create an x-ray beam that is satisfactory for imaging?
kilovolt peak (kVp)
How are x-ray voltages measured?
milliampere (mA)
How are x-ray currents measured?
static generators
What was used to provide power to the tube in the first x-rays?
intensifying screens
What was first created to help minimize exposure times?
world war I
What interrupted the supply of the glass used for images causing film to be used?
cellulose nitrate
What was the substitute for the glass plates?
1898
When was the fluoroscope developed?
zinc cadmium sulfide
calcium tungstate
What two materials are fluorescents used today?
collimation
filtration
What were the first two inventions that decreased patient dose?
snook transformer
What was the higher capacity replacement for the static generators that made x-rays more wide spread?
coolidge tube
What replaced the crookes tube?
snook transformer
coolidge tube
What two items allowed radiology to emerge as a medical specialty?
1904
When did the first x-ray fatality happen in the US?
effective radiation protection practices
Why is radiology now considered a safe occupation?
filtration
collimation
protective apparel
gonadal shielding
protective barriers
What are the five major categories of radiation protection?
mass
length
time
What are the three basic measurable quantities? (building blocks of all other quantities)
derived quantities
Another name for secondary quantities
meter; kilogram; second
What are the international system units of measure for length, mass and time respectively?
seconds
What is based on the vibration of atoms of cesium?
C/kg or Air Kerma (Gya)
What are the units for exposure?
J/kg or Gray (Gyt)
What are the units for dose?
J/kg or Sievert (Sv)
What are the units of effective dose?
s-1 or Becquerel (Bq)
What are the units of radioactivity?
mechanics
Segment of physics that deals with objects at rest and objects in motion
velocity
acceleration
What are the two terms that describe motion of an object?
c = 3 x 10^8 m/s
What is the velocity of light?
body at rest/in motion will continue unless acted on by an external force
What is newton's first law of motion?
force is equal to mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration
What is newton's second law of motion?
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
What is newton's third law of motion?
energy
The ability to do work...
heat
The kinetic energy of the random motion of molecules
m/s
units for average velocity
conduction
The transfer of heat through a material or by touching
convection
The mechanical transfer of "hot" molecules in a gas or liquid from one place to another
thermal radiation
The transfer of heat by the emission of infrared radiation
gray (Gyt)
Unit of radiation absorbed dose (rad)
sievert (Sv)
unit of occupational radiation exposure and effective dose