What are the primary plant parts that control excess water loss?
stomata
Phyllotaxy in which three or more leaves are attached in a circular pattern around each node is referred to as
whorled
The ____________ is a lateral meristem in stems that results in growth in diameter
vascular cambium
The __________________ leaf arrangement has one leaf attached per node staggered along the stem.
alternate
Tendrils are modified ___________, that have a ______________ function.
leaves, support
The distance between two terminal buds scars is considered to be a measure of
annual growth
Stomata are openings in the epidermis surrounded by two _________ cells.
guard
The bottom part of a graft is called the ___________.
stock
Which of the following steps is generally NOT followed when making cuttings?
Foliage may be used to help prop up the cutting in the media
To make the canopy of a shrub less dense, ________________ should be used.
thinning out
What is an asexual propagation technique were small pieces of tissue are placed in a sterile culture containing all the nutrients, carbohydrates and hormones needed for growth.
tissue culture
Which of the following is TRUE about grafting?
Grafting vegetables is becoming popular
If one piles soil around the base of a shrub to induce roots to form at the base of the limbs, this would be called _________ layering.
mound
Alcoholic fermentation occurs only when ______________________.
oxygen is absent
Plants that use the C4 photosynthetic pathway open their stomata _________.
during the day
The light independent reaction (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis occurs only when ____________.
the light reaction occurs
Chlorophyll a mainly absorbs ___________ ___________ light.
blue and red
The glycolysis reaction of respiration occurs in the ___________________
cytosol
In the Carbon Cycle, _______ stored in the atmosphere is converted to ________ by photosynthesis which is then converted to _______ by respiration and released back into the atmosphere.
CO2, carbohydrates, CO2
The light reaction converts light energy into ____________ which provide chemical energy
ATP and NADPH
Which type of tissue is referred to as loosely organized allowing for air exchange within the leaf?
spongy mesophyll
Which of the following is the function of lenticels?
gasseous exchange
The bracts that draw attention to the flowers in some plants are modified ___________, that have _________________as a function.
leaves, attraction
Which of these is NOT a root function?
photosynthesis
A symbiotic relationship when one organism benefits and the other is not harmed is referred to as
commensalism
A symbiotic relationship when both organism benefits and neither are harmed or affected is referred to as
mutualism
Maple leaves have ______________ venation, which is a finger-like net venation with several major veins originating from the connection of the petiole and the leaf blade.
palmate
When a horticulturist makes a cut in the stem for layering, they are trying to selectively cut the ______________ so translocation is disrupted.
phloem
Wide crotch angles are better than narrow crotch angles because of
bark inclusion
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of rooting media?
Supplies carbon dioxide to the roots
What is NOT an objective or advantage of pruning
decrease productivity
Which of the following IS ALWAYS TRUE when making a cutting from an actively growing plant?
Plant cutting are best when turgid
To propagate plants vegetatively the part must regenerate______________.
missing parts
Chemical energy is transferred through redox reactions where the oxidized chemical __________ electron(s), and the __________________chemical ______________ electron(s).
loses, reduced, gains
The color of an object is determined by the wavelength of light that is ____________.
reflected
_________________ is the input for the glycolysis system in respiration
glucose
Carbon:
all are correct
Corn plants use C4 photosynthesis and open their stomata during the _________ so that ______________ can be fixed into 4C acids.
day, carbon dioxide
Respiration is a _______________________________process
catabolic and exergonic
Which of the following contains the greatest amount of stored carbon on earth?
oceans
A sugar beet is a modified ____________ that has the following two functions _____________ and ______________.
root, storage and propagation
In the root, the Casparian strip occurs in the cell walls of the ____________ cells?
endodermis
Monocot leaves are similar to eudicot leaves in cross section, except that the photosynthetic tissue consists of ___________________.
mesophyll
Carnivorous plants exhibit leaf modifications allowing them to obtain part of their nutrition from insects. Which of the following is NOT a method of trapping food used by this type of plant?
collapsing
When the stem of a plant is flat and capable of functioning like a leaf, it is called?
cladophyl
Which of the following is NOT a function of a leaf?
absorption of water and minerals
____________________ is the flattened, green, expanded portion of a leaf.
lamina
Two disadvantages of asexual or vegetative propagation are: _____________________________ and ______________________________________.
few offspring from each parent and requires a lot of labor
Which of the following does NOT impact graft compatibility?
All impact graft compatibility
Plants that are ________________________ can sometimes be successfully grafted.
closely genetically related
Very drastic pruning is called ___________ and should be avoided at all times.
dehorning
Which of the following is used to help initiate rooting in a woody plant cutting?
All assist with root formation
If John Q. Public discovers a very unique looking holly shrub and propagates it by cuttings to produce thousands of young plants, then that population or group of plants would be a good example of _________________.
a clone
The ______________ reaction is the process of building complex molecules, this process often requires energy input and thus is ________________________
anabolic, endergonic
_______ photosynthesis is used by plants from arid or semi-arid environments that open their stomates at night.
CAM
_______ are individual, sack-like membranes that comprise the grana inside chloroplast and contain the chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis.
Stroma
The Calvin cycle occurs in the _______ of the chloroplast and uses ATP to generate _______ .
stroma, glucose
The light compensation point is reached when:
CO2 release is the same as CO2 uptake
The input for the Calvin cycle is ________________________.
carbondioxide
The net result of photosynthesis is that _______ energy is converted to _______ energy.
radiant, chemical
The root hairs are extensions of the ___________________ cells.
epidermis
_______________is the part of a dicot leaf that is specialized for gas exchange within the leaf.
spongy mesophyll
The increase in length of a root is the result of which of the following?
both a and b
When the vascular cylinder of the root contains pith, the plant is considered a?
monocot
The outer layer of a root is called the ________________.
epidermis
Which of the following is a layer of waterproof tissue which prevents the movement of water to and from the vascular cylinder?
Casparian strip
Which of the following is NOT a common response to cold temperatures?
no correct answer
To make the canopy of a tree more dense, ________________ should be used.
heading back
If a horticulturist puts soil around a node to stimulate root formation, this would be called _________ layering.
air
To properly prune a large limb on a tree, with wide crotch angles, the first cut is made
on the bottom of the limb about 6 inches out
The top part of a graft is called the ___________.
scion
Which of the following is NOT a reason to use asexual propagation?
Allows production of cuttings each with unique characteristics
The concept that every cell in a plant has the potential to reproduce the entire plant.
totipotency
Oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis, and is produced by the _______________.
light reaction
Fermentation:
produces ethanol or lactate and ATP from glucose
Two plants that use the C3 photosynthetic pathway are:
wheat and potatoes
Cacti use CAM photosynthesis and open their stomata during the _________ so that ______________ can be fixed into 4C acids.
night, carbon dioxide
The ambient level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is __________ compared to the level needed to saturate photosynthesis.
lower
Respiration occurs in:
all organisms
Which type of root system generally maximizes water utilization from resources closer to the soil surface?
fibrous
A bulb with fleshy leaves forming layers of concentric circles around a stem is known as what type of specialized structure?
laminate bulb
Monocot leaves have which of the following venation patterns?
parallel
A sharp modified stem or branch located at the tip of a branch or at a node is referred to as a
thorn
The leaf complexity in which leaflets attach to a central petiole like your fingers attach to your palm is called?
palmately compound
Which of the following is TRUE about asexual reproduction?
younger plants have a higher nitrogen level and lower carbon level
A __________________ is a rough area on some stems that serves as a "breathing pore" for gas exchange.
lenticel
Two advantages of asexual or vegetative propagation are: _____________________________ ______________________________________.
all offspring are true-to-type and the time to flowering is reduced
Which of the following defines apomixis?
Seed produced from maternal tissue without fertilization
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
requires more water
__________________is a chemical pinching agent that overcomes apical dominance.
Atrinal
Respiration converts __________________ into carbon dioxide and water and releases energy
carbohydrates and oxygen
Oxidative phosphorylation:
all are correct
The two primary energy carrying molecules used in living organisms are:
ATP and NADH
During photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of _______ and _______, produce simple sugar and oxygen.
sunlight and chlorophyll
Photosystems:
all are correct
_______ is the final product produced in photosynthesis.
Carbohydrate