anything that occupies space and has mass
-solids, liquids, gasses
-the "stuff" of the universe
matter
the ______ of an object is equal to the actual amount of matter in the object, and it remains constant wherever the object is.
in contrast, _____ varies with gravity.
mass
weight
Which 3 states does matter exist in?
Solid
-(definite shape and volume)
Liquid
-(definite volume, but conform to shape of container)
Gaseous
-(neither definite shape nor definite volume)
compared with matter, energy is (more/less) tangible
LESS
Energy has no ______, does not take up ______, and can be measured only by its ______ on matter.
mass; space; effects
The capacity to do work, or to put matter into motion
Energy
2 states of energy (each can be transformed into the other):
-Kinetic energy
-Potential energy
Energy in action
-seen in constant movement of the tiniest particles of matter (atoms) as well as in larger objects (bouncing ball)
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy does work by ______ objects, which in turn can do work by moving or pushing on other objects
(example: push on swinging door sets it into motion)
moving
Stored or inactive energy that has the capability to do work, but is not presently doing so.
-(batteries in unused toy, water behind dam, leg muscles while sitting on couch)
Potential Energy
When potential energy is released, it becomes ______ ______ and so is capable of doing work.
kinetic energy
Relatively speaking, matter is the ______ and energy is the ______ of the ______.
substance; mover; substance
All living things are composed of ______ and they all require ______ to grow and function
matter; energy
Energy form stored in the bonds of chemical substances.
Chemical Energy
When chemical reactions occur that rearrange the atoms of the chemicals in a certain way, the ______ ______ is unleashed and becomes ______ ______, or energy in action.
potential energy; kinetic energy
Food fuels CANNOT be used to energize body activities directly. instead, some of the food energy is captured temporarily in the bonds of a chemical called ______ ________ (____)
-later, ______ bonds are broken and the stored energy is released as needed t
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical energy in the form of ______ is the most useful form of energy in living systems because it is used to run almost all functional processes.
ATP
Energy that results from the movement of charged particles.
(found in flow of electrons along household wiring, ions, nervous system)
Electrical energy
In the body, electrical currents are generated when charged particles called ______ move along or across cell membranes
ions
The nervous system uses electrical currents called ______ ______ to transmit messages from one part of the body to another.
nerve impulses
Energy that is DIRECTLY involved in moving matter
-(legs moving pedals while riding bike_
Mechanical energy
Energy that travels in waves
-waves vary in length; include visible light, infrared waves, radio waves, UV waves, and X rays
Radiant energy or Electromagnetic Radiation
Energy waves (of varying in length) that include visible light, infrared waves, radio waves, UV waves, and X rays, are collectively called the ______ ______.
electromagnetic spectrum
Energy is not ever technically LOST because it cannot be ______ or ______
-however wasted energy, such as heat given off into environment, can be ______
created; destroyed
-unusable
All energy conversions in the body liberate ______
-the higher, the faster the body's chemical reactions occur.
heat
All matter is composed of ______, unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
-(ex: oxygen, carbon, gold, silver, iron, etc.)
Elements
How many elements are recognized in total?
118
How many elements occur in nature?
(the rest are made artificially in particle accelerator devices)
92
Which 4 elements make up 96% of body weight?
-Oxygen (65%)
-Carbon (18.5%)
-Hydrogen (9.5%)
-Nitrogen (3.2%)
What percentage of body weight do O, C, H & N make up of our body weight?
96%
The ______ ______ provides a listing of the known elements and helps to explain the properties of each element.
periodic table
The basic unit of matter
-Each element is composed of more or less IDENTICAL particles or building blocks, called ______.
atoms.
The smallest atoms are less than 0.1 ______ in diameter, and the largest are only about ___x as large.
nanometers(nm); 5
Every element's atoms DIFFER from those of all other elements and give the element its unique ______ and ______ properties.
physical; chemical
Properties we can detect with our senses (color, texture) or measure (boiling/freezing point).
Physical Properties
Pertains to the way the atoms interact with other atoms (bonding behavior)
-account for the facts that iron rusts, animals digest food, etc.
Chemical Properties
We designate each element by a one- or two-letter chemical shorthand called an ______ ______
-usually the first letter of the elements name
-(O=oxygen, C= carbon, etc.).
atomic symbol
the word "atom" comes from the greek work meaning ______
indivisible
While atoms are clusters off even smaller particles called protons, neutrons , and electrons (which can be subdivided with high-tech tools), an atom ______ the unique properties of its element when it's split into subatomic particles.
loses
The 3 subatomic particles of an atom are called:
Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
An atom's subatomic particles differ in ______, ______ ______, and ______ in the atom.
mass; electrical charge; position
An atom has a central ______ containing protons and neutrons tightly bound together
-it is surrounded by orbiting electrons.
nucleus
Subatomic particles which bear a positive electrical charge
Protons (p+)
Subatomic particles which are neutral.
Neutrons (n0)
The nucleus is filled with ______ and ______ tightly bound together; therefore, the nucleus is ______ charged overall.
protons; neutrons; positively
Protons and neutrons are ______ particles and have approx. the same mass, designated as 1 ______ ______ ______ (___)
heavy; atomic mass unit (amu)
Since all of the ______ subatomic particles are concentrated in the nucleus, the nucleus is extremely ______, accounting for nearly the entire ______ of the atom (99.9%).
heavy; dense; mass
Subatomic particles which bear a negative charge equal in strength to positive charge of the proton.
Electrons (e-)
The negative charge of Electrons is equal in ______ to positive charge of the proton, however an electron only has about __/______ the _______ of a proton.
strength; 1/2000; mass
Electrons only have about 1/2000 the mass of a proton, so the mass of an electron is usually designated as ____ amu.
0
All atoms are electrically ______ because the number of protons in an atom is precisely balanced by its number of electrons (+ and - cancel each other).
neutral
in any atom, the number of protons and number of electrons is always ______
EQUAL
The ______ model of the atom is a simplified model of atomic structure
-depicts electrons moving around the nucleus in fixed, generally circular orbits
-simpler to depict
Planetary Model
regions around the nucleus in which a given electron or electron pair is likely to be found most of the time, as we can never determine their exact location because they jump around following unknown trajectories.
orbitals
More modern model that is more useful for predicting the chemical behavior of atoms
-depicts PROBABLE regions of greatest electron density by denser shading (electron cloud)
Orbital Model
What is the simplest atom?
Hydrogen (H)
How many protons and electrons does Hydrogen have? How many neutrons?
1 proton, 1 electron; 0 neutrons.
T/F: all protons are alike, regardless of the atom considered.
-same goes for all neutrons and electrons
TRUE
What determines the unique physical properties of each element?
different NUMBERS of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
In a step-by-step progression of element size, we have a series of atoms containing from 1 to 118 protons, an ______ number of electrons, and a slightly ______ number of neutrons at each step.
equal; larger
3 things we need to know about a particular element:
-atomic number
-mass number
-atomic weight
The ______ ______ of any atom is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus and is written as a subscript to the left of its atomic symbol.
atomic number
The ATOMIC NUMBER of any atom is equal to the number of ______ in its nucleus and is written as a subscript to the ______ of its atomic symbol.
protons; left
The number of protons is always equal to the number of ______ in an atoms, so the atomic number INDIRECTLY tells us the number of ______ in the atom as well.
electrons; electrons.
What determines the chemical behavior of atoms?
electrons
The ______ ______ of an atom is the sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons.
-the mass of the electrons is so small that is is ignored.
-usually indicated b
y a superscript to the left of the atomic symbol
mass number
Protons and neutrons have a mass of 1 amu; Hydrogen only has one proton in its nucleus, so its atomic number and mass number are...
the same
Helium, with 2 protons and 2 neutrons, has a mass number of...
4
FOR HELIUM: The notation 4|2 He (superscript 4, subscript 2) allows us to deduce the total number and kinds of subatomic particles in any atom because it indicates the number of ______ (atomic number [2]), the number of ______ (equal to atomic number), an
protons; electrons; neutrons
-2
Nearly all known elements have 2 or more structural variations called ______, which have the same number of protons (and electrons), but differ in the number of neutrons they contain.
isotopes
H-1 (hydrogen w/ mass number of 1) is Hydrogen's most abundant ______
-however, some hydrogen atoms have a mass of 2 or 3 amu, which means that they have one ______ and, respectively, 1 or 2 ______.
isotope
-proton; neutrons
Carbon has several isotopes; each of the carbon isotopes has SIX ______ (otherwise it would not be carbon), but C-12 has ____ neutrons, C-13 has ___ neutrons, and C-14 has ___ neutrons
protons; 6, 7 ,8
C-14 indicates...
A carbon isotope with a mass number of 8
An average of the relative weights (mass numbers) of ALL the isotopes of an element, taking into account their relative abundance in nature.
Atomic Weight
As a rule, the atomic weight of an element is approximately equal to the _____ NUMBER of its most ______ isotope.
mass; abundant
The heavier isotopes of many elements are unstable_, and their atoms decompose spontaneously into more stable forms.
-this process of atomic decay is called...
radioactivity
Isotopes that exhibit the behavior of radioactivity or atomic decay are called ______.
radioisotopes
How many elements are in the human body?
26
What is the simplest form of matter?
Elements
Atoms of 2 or more elements joined to form chemical combinations
Compound
Who proposed the concept of the atom?
John Dalton (English chemist)
positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus
protons (+ or p)
neutral subatomic particles found in the nucleus
neutrons (n)
negatively charged subatomic particles found in the electron cloud
electrons (- or e)
Atomic number refers to...
the number of protons in an atom's nucleus
What identifies what kind of element something is?
Atomic number (# protons)
protons + neutrons (p+n) in nuclei =
atomic mass
A model resembling planets revolving around the sun
-useful in visualizing the structure of atoms
Bohr Model
the simplest form of matter, a substance that cannot be broken down into two or more different substances
elements
how many elements are there in the human body?
-how many are major elements?
-what are the 4 most important and what percentage of the body do they make up?
-how many are trace elements and what percentage of the body weight do they make up?
-26
-11
-carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen; 96%
-15; 2%
atoms of 2 or more elements joined to form chemical combinations.
compound
identical particles or building blocks that create elements
atoms
Synthesis is to _________ as decomposition is to _____________
anabolism; catabolism