photosynthesis
the process by which plants capture energy from the sun and store it in the chemical bonds of sugar.
cellular respiration
the process by which all living organisms release the energy stored in the chemical bonds of food molecules and use it to fuel their lives
energy
is the capacity to do work. and work is anything that involved moving matter against an opposing force.
kinetic energy
the energy of moving objects
potential energy
a capacity to do work that results from the location or position of an object.
chemical energy
is a form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds.
thermodynamics
the study of the transformation of energy from one type to another, such as from potential energy to kinetic energy.
the 2nd law of thermodynamics
every conversion of energy is not perfectly efficient and invariably includes the transformation of some energy into heat.
the 1st law of thermodynamics
energy can never be created nor destroyed, it can only change from one form to another.
how do cells directly fuel their chemical reactions?
first it must be captured in the bonds of a molecule called ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
releases energy to drive chemical reactions necessary for cellular functioning:
building muscle tissue, repairing a wound, growing roots
what is the process of photosynthesis
input:
sunlight + water + CO2
output:
oxygen + sugar
thylakoid
location of "photo" reactions, where light energy is converted into chemical energy (in chloroplast)
stroma
location of "synthesis" reactions, where chemical energy from the "photo' reactions is used to synthesize sugars. (in chloroplast)
light energy
a type of kinetic energy
made up of little energy packets called photons
photons
different photons carry different amounts of energy, carried as waves
length of wave= amount of energy the photon contains
electromagnetic spectrum
range of energy that is organized into waves of different lengths.
shorter the wavelength, higher the energy
chlorophyll
plant pigment which can absorb specific wavelengths of energy from the sun
chlorophyll A
absorbs blue-violet and red wavelengths of light
chlorophyll B
absorbs blue and red-orange wavelengths and reflects yellow green wavelengths
pigments
the light absorbing molecules that allows us to see color
stomata
small pores usually on the underside of leaves
this is one method of combating water loss through evaporation is for plants to close their stomata
C4 photosynthesis
plants produce an enzyme that has a strong attraction for CO2 and can bind with carbon even when the CO2 concentration is very low
gases (CO2) are exchanged through slightly open stomata.
advantage: water loss minimized in warm climates
disadvantage: requ
C3 photosynthesis
gases (CO2) are exchanged through open stomata
advantage: energy efficient
disadvantage: water lost to evaporation in hot climates
CAM photosynthesis
Gases (CO2) are exchanged at night through open stomata.
stomata close during the day
advantage: waterless minimized in hot climates
disadvantage: requires more energy, slow growth