anterior(ventral)
front surface of the body
EX: forhead is on the anterior side of the body
deep
away from the surface
EX: stab wound penetrated deep into the abdomen
distal
far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure
EX: at its distal end, the femur joins with the knee
frontal (coronal) plane
vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions
common chest x-ray (posterioranterior- viewed back to front)
inferior (caudal)
below another structure; pertaining to the tail or lower portion of the body
EX: feet are inferior part of the body- inferior the knees
away from the head or below another structure
lateral
pertaining to the side
EX: anatomic position (palms of the hands facing outward, the thumb is lateral)
medial
pertaining to the middle/near the medial plane of the body
anatomic position- palms of the hands facing outward- fifth (little finger) is medial
posterior(dorsal)
back surface of the body
EX: back of the head is posterior (dorsal) to the face
prone
lying on the belly (face down, palms up)
backbones are examined
proximal
near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of the structure
EX: proximal end of the thigh bone (femur) joins with the hip socket
sagittal (lateral) plane
lengthwise, vertical plane dividing the body/structure into right and left sides
midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves
lateral side to side chest ray film
superficial
on the surface
EX: superficial veins can be viewed through the skin
superior (cephalic)
above another structure pertaining to the head
head lies superior to the neck
cephalic pertaining head means above another structure
supine
lying on the back (face up, palms up)
patient lies supine examining abdomen and pelvic (gynecologic exam)
transverse (axial) plane
horizontal (cross-sectional) plane dividing the body into upper and lower extremities
CT scan
hypochondriac
right and left upper regions beneath the ribs
below (hypo) the cartilage (chrondr/o) of the ribs that extend over the abdomen
epigastric
middle upper region above the stomach
lumbar
right and left middle regions near the waist
umbilical
central region near the naval/umbilicus
inguinal
right and left lower regions near the groin (iliac regions)
inguino- groin
legs join in the trunk of the body- right ilic region- lies near the ilium (upper portion of the hip bone)
hypogastric
middle lower region below the umbilical region
RUQ
right upper quadrant- liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, part of the small/large intestines
LUP
left upper quadrant- liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines
RLQ
right lower quadrants- parts of the small/large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter
cervical
neck region (C1 to C7)
LLQ
left lower quadrant- contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter
thoracic
chest region (T1-T12)
each bone is joined to a rib
lumbar
loin (waist) region (L1-L5) or flank region (between the ribs and hipbone)
sacral
region of the sacrum (S1-S5) fused to form one bone- sacrum
coccygeal
region of the coccyx (tailbone)- bone composed of four fused pieces
vertebra
single backbone
vertebrae
backbones
spinal column
bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity
spinal cord
nerve tissue within the spinal cavity
disk
pad of cartilage between vertebrae
abdominal cavity
space below the chest containing organs- liver, stomach, gallbladder, small/large intestine
aka abdomen/peritoneal cavity
cranial cavity
space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull
cranial means pertaining to the skull
diaphragm
muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities
diaphragm moves up and down and aids breathing
dorsal (posterior)
pertaining to the back
mediastinum
centrally located space outside of and between the lungs
pelvic cavity
space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs
pelvic- pertaining to the pelvis, composed of the hip bones surrounding the pelvic cavity
peritoneum
double folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity
peritoneum attaches abdominal viscera to muscles and functions as a protective membrane- containing blood vessels and nerves) around the organs
pleura
double folded membrane surrounding each lung. pleural means pertaining to the pleura
pleural cavity
space between the pleural layers
spinal cavity
space within the spinal column (backbones) containing the spinal cord- spinal canal
thoracic cavity
space in the chest containing heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs
ventral (anterior)
pertaining to the front
adipose tissue
collection of fat cells
cartilage
flexible connective tissue often attached to bones at joints
cartilage forms part of the external ear and the nose
rings of cartilage surround the trachea
epithelial cells
skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of the organs
histologist
specialist in the study of tissues
larynx
voice box: located at the upper part of the trachea
laryngitis- inflammation of the voice box-lose of voice
pharynx-
throat- common passageway for food (mouth going to the esophagus) and air (nose to the trachea)
y comes before n in both pharynx and larynx
pituitary gland
endocrine gland at the base of the brain
thyroid gland
endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck
trachea
windpipe (tube leading from the throat to the bronchial tubes)
ureter
one of two tubes each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder
ureter has two e- two ureters
urethra
tube from urinary bladder to the outside of the body
one e- one urethra
uterus
womb; the organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops
viscera
internal organs
anabolism
process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids
ana means up
bol means to cast
and ism is a process
catabolism
process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released
cata means down
bol means to cast
ism is a process
cell membrane
structure surrounding and protecting the cell, determine what enters and leaves the cell
chromosomes
rod shapes structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes
46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg and sperm cells which contain only 23 unpaired chromosomes
cytoplasm
all of the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane
DNA
chemical found within each chromosome
arranged like a sequence of recipes in code, directs the activities of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell
large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces
genes
regions of DNA within the chromosome
karyotype
picture of chromosome in the nucleus of the cell
chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure
metabolism
total of the chemical process in a cell- catabolism and anabolism
meta- change
bol- cast
ism- process
mitochondria
structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy (miniature power plants) for the cell
catabolism- process that occurs in mitochondria
nucleus
control center of the cell
contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell
abdomin/o
abdomen
EX: abdominal- referring to the abdomen
region below the chest containing internal organs (liver, intestines stomach, and gallbladder)
adipo/o
fat
EX: adipose- pertaining to fat
suffix: ose- pertaining to or full
lip/o- fat
anter/o
front
EX: anterior- pertaining to the front
suffix: ior- pertaining to
cervic/o
neck of the body or of the uterus
EX: cervical- referring to the cervix (neck of the uterus)
chondr
cartilage (type of connective tissue)
EX: chondroma- tumor of the cartilage (benign tumor)
EX: chondrosarcoma- cancer of the cartilage- malignant tumor
root: sarc- malignant tumor arises from a type of flesh or connective tissue
chrom/o
color
EX: chromosomes- bodies of color
nucleus structures absorb the color of dyes used to stain the cell
suffix: somes- bodies
how they appeared to researchers who first saw them under the microscope
coccyg/o
coccyx (tailbone)
EX: coccygeal- relating to the coccyx
crani/o
skull
EX: craniotomy- cut into the skull
cyt/o
cell
EX: cytoplasm- forming the cell
suffix: plasm- formation
dist/o
far, distant
EX: distal- pertaining to the distance
dors/o
back portion of the body
EX: dorsal- pertaining to the back
hist/o
tissue
EX: histology- study of tissue
ili/o
ilium (upper part of the pelvic bone)
EX: iliac- pertaining to the ilium
inguin
groin
EX: inguinal- pertaining to the groin
kary/o
nucleus
EX: karyotype- picture of nucleus
suffix: type- classification/picture
later/o
side
EX: lateral- of at, toward or from the sides
lumb/o
lower back (side and back between the ribs and the pelvis)
EX: lumbosacral- of or relating to the small of the back and the back part of the pelvis between the hips
medi/o
middle
EX: medial- pertaining to the middle
nucle/o
nucleus
EX: nucleic-
pelv/i
pelvis
EX: pelvic
poster/o
back, behind
EX: posterior
proxim/o
nearest
EX: proximal
sacr/o
sacrum
EX: sacral- pertaining to the sacrum
sarc/o
flesh
EX: sarcoma
spin/o
spine, backbone
EX: spinal
thel/o, theli/o
nipple
EX: epithelial cell- lies on body surfaces, externally (outside of the body) and internally (lining cavities and organs)
thorac/o
chest
EX: thoracic
trache/o
trachea, windpipe
EX: tracheal- pertaining to the trachea
umbilic/o
naval, umbilicus
EX: umbilical- pertaining to the naval
ventr/o
belly side of the body
EX: ventral
vertebr/o
vertebra(e)
backbone (s)
EX: vertebral
viscer/o
internal organs
EX: visceral
ana-
up
EX: anabolism- building up proteins- proteins are built up from simpler substances (amino acids)
cata-
down
EX: catabolism- breaking down proteins
complex nutrients are broken down into simpler substances and energy is released
epi
above
EX: epinephrine- hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, located above (epi-) the kidneys (nephr/o)
used as a treatment for severe allergic reactions- opens airways and increases heart rate
suffix: ine- substance
hypo-
below
EX: hypochondriac region
inter-
between
EX: intervertebral
disk- intervertebral structure
intra-
within
EX: intravenous
meta
change
EX: metabolism- process to change
to cast (bol/o) a change (meta-), meaning the chemical changes (processes) that occur in a cell
-eal
pertaining to
iac
pertaining to
ior
pertaining to
ism
process, condition
ose
pertaining to, full of
plasm
formation
somes
bodies
type
picture, classification
digestive system
mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestine (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas
urinary/excretory system
kidneys, ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder) , urinary bladder, urethra (tube from the bladder to the outside of the body)
respiratory system
nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, lungs (where the exchange of gases take place)
reproductive
female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb), vagina, mammary glands
Male: testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland
endocrine
thyroid gland (neck), pituitary gland (base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands
nervous
brain, spinal cord, nerves, collection of nerves
circulatory
heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), lymphatic vessels, nodes, spleen, thymus gland
muscculoskeletal
muscles, bones, joints
skin and sense organs
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous (oil) glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue
cranial
brain, pituitary gland
thoracic
lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta (large artery)
thoracic- two smaller cavities
pleural cavity-
space surrounding each lung
pleura-
double membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them
if the pleura is inflamed (pleuritis or pluerisy)- pleural cavity may be fill with fluid
mediastium
centrally located space outside of and between the lungs- heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes
abdominal
peritoneum- double folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity- attaches abdominal organs to abdominal muscles and surrounds each organ to keep it in place
kidneys are two bean shaped organs situated behind (retroperitoneal area)- abdominal cavity on
pelvic
portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters; uterus and vagina in the female
spinal
nerves of the spinal cord