abdominal
belly
acromial
shoulder
antecubital
inner elbow
axillary
armpit
brachial
upper arm
calcaneal
heel
carpal
wrist
cephalic
head
cervical
neck
cranial
skull
digits
fingers/toes
femoral
thigh
frontal
forehead
gluteal
butt
inguinal
groin
lumbar
lower back
mammary
breast
olecranal
back of elbow
oral
mouth
ocular
eye
otic
ear
patellar
knee
pedal
foot
pelvic
pelvis
plantar
sole of foot
popliteal
back of knee
pubic
pubis
sternal
breast bone
tarsal
ankle
thoracic
chest
umbilical
navel
vertebral
spine
superior
above/toward the head
inferior
blow, toward the feet
anterior
the front surface
posterior
the back surface
medial
toward the midline
lateral
away from the midline
cranial
toward the head
caudal
toward the tail
dorsal
toward the back
ventral
the belly side
proximal
toward point of attachment
distal
away from point of attachment
superficial
close to body surface
deep
toward the interior of the body
frontal (coronal) plane
vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
transverse plane
divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior portions
sagittal plane
vertical plane that divides the body into left and right portions
midsagittal plane
also called the median
divides the body directly down the middle into left and right halves
cartilage
a dense connective tissue found throughout body that has several distinguishing features
--consists mostly of water (resiliency)
--can spring back to original shape after compression
--contains no nerve fibers and few blood vessels
--each piece is surroun
lacunae
chambers where bone/mature cartilage cells lie
hyaline cartilage
-provides support with some flexibility
-most cartilages in the skeleton are composed of this such as the articular cartilage in joints, nasal cartilage in the nose, costal cartilage in the ribcage, and respiratory cartilages (larynx, trachea, and bronchi
elastic cartilage
-maintains shape but is very flexible and can withstand repeated bending without damage
-more elastic fibers in the matrix--stringy
-only found in 2 locations: ears and epiglottis
fibrocartilage
-great tensile strength
-can withstand heavy compression forces
-matrix has layered appearance
-found in joints that need to withstand heavy forces (meniscus of knees, intervertebral disks of spine, pubic symphysis of pelvis)
bone
primary supportive tissue that composes the skeleton
-living, dense connective tissue
-specialized cells and matrix
-4 types of cells
Chondrocytes
cartilage cells
4 types of bone cells that all perform different functions in the growth and maintenance of bone tissue:
osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteoprogenitor (osteogenic) cells
bone matrix
-consists of calcium salts and collagen fibers
-2/3 calcified (giving bone strength and rigidity) and the rest of collagen fibers for flexibility
makes bones strong and resistant to shattering at the same time!
2 types of osseous tissue
spongy and compact bone
lamellae
spongy and compact bone are made up of layers of matrix called
osteocytes
mature bone cells
lacunae
lamellae and osteocytes are housed within chambers called
spongy bone
found in areas of less stress or where stress comes from many different directions
-open spaces help reduce skeleton weight
red bone marrow
forms new blood cells
yellow bone marrow
an adipose (fat) tissue important for energy storage
compact bone
more dense and solid
-sturdy protective outer layer that surrounds the bone marrow and spongy bone
-protects, supports, and resists stress
osteons
compact bone
-lamellae are organized into these densely packed units
-allow bone to be strong and solid
-provide network of blood vessels and nerves
Central (Haversian) Canal
opening in the center of an osteon, carries blood vessels and nerves
canaliculi
Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
-allows exchange of materials between osteocytes, interstitial fluid, and blood vessels in the central canal
condyle
smooth rounded articular projection. usually coated with hyaline cartilage
epicondyle
raised area; always on or above a condyle
crest
prominent, narrow ridge of bone
facet
smooth, flattened articular surface
fissure
narrow, slit-like opening
foramen
round or oval opening through a bone
fossa
shallow, basin like depression in a bone. can be for articulation of a joint or a site of muscle attatchment
head
bony expansion on a narrow neck
meatus
canal-like passageway. ex: ear
notch
indentation at the edge of another structure. can allow for passage of blood vessels or form articulation surface
process
generic term for any bony prominence
trochanter
large, irregularly shaped process. only found on the femur
tuberosity
large rounded projection; usually roughened
spine
sharp, slender, usually pointed projection
matrix
layers of rings around a central canal
concentric lamellae
hard calcified material. makes up most of bone tissue
circumferential lamellae
at outermost and innermost surfaces of bone
foramen magnum
large opening in the base of the skull that allows spinal cord to join with brain
occipital condyles
smooth, rounded projections on either side of the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra
frontal bone
-single bone that forms the forehead, upper part of the eye sockets, and anterior floor of the brain cavity
sella turcica
turkish saddle" located in the center of the superior surface
-the indentation in the middle, or "seat" of the saddle, holds the pituitary gland
ethmoid bone
sits between the eyes and deep to the nose
-forms part of the anterior brain cavity, the eye sockets, the nasal septum, and the nasal cavity
crista galli
the "rooster's comb" is a ridge of bone that projects up into the brain cavity to help secure the brain within the skull
parietal bones
paired bones that form part of the top and upper lateral sides of the skull
occipital bone
single bone that forms the back of the skull and most of the base of the skull
sphenoid bone
bat-shaped bone that forms the central part of brain cavity
-articulates with all other cranial bones
zygomatic bone
the cheekbones. also form the lateral sides of the eye sockets
maxilla
paired bones that form much of the face including the upper jaw and parts of the hard palate, eye sockets, and nasal cavity
nasal bones
paired bones that form bridge of the nose
mandible
lower jawbone
coronal suture
attaches frontal bone to 2 parietal bones on either side of skull
-called this because it sits art crown of head and falls along coronal plane
sagittal suture
-joins the left and right parietal bones from the frontal bone on the anterior cranium to the occipital bone on the posterior cranium
-follows midsagittal line
lambdoid suture
-arches across the posterior surface of the cranium
-joins the left and right parietal bones to the occipital bone
-resembles the greek capital letter Lambda
squamous suture
-there are 2
-one on either side of the skull joining the temporal bone to the parietal bone
hyoid bone
U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles
cervical curvature
C1-C7
thoracic curvature
T1-T12
lumbar curvature
L1-L5
sacral curvature
made up of the sacrum and the coccyx
accommodates organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
coccyx/coccygeal region
-formed by the fusion of 3-5 small vertebrae (# varies from person to person)
-also called the tailbone (vestige of the tail)
-attaches to the sacrum by ligaments
intervertebral foramen
Opening formed by the inferior and superior notches on the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae --Allows passage of spinal nerves and vessels
intervertebral discs
-separates the 24 individual vertebrae
-dense pads of fibrocartilage
-cushion and absorb shock during walking/running
(herniated disk if it ruptures)
body (vertebrae)
large, round central portion of the vertebrae that transfers weight along the axis of the spine and forms the anterior portion of the bone
vertebral arch
forms the posterior portion of the bone
composed of several features itself
transverse processes
2 lateral projections from the vertebral arch that form sites of muscle attachments
-articulate with the ribs in the thoracic vertebrae
spinous process
single projection from the posterior side of the vertebral arch
-provide a site for muscle and ligament attachment
-this is what you can see and feel through the skin of the back
vertebral foramen
large opening formed by the body and vertebral arch
passageway for the spinal cord
Atlas (C1)
first vertebra the articulates with the occipital condyles on the occipital bone of the skull
-allows head to move up and down
-very thin, lacks body, spinous process
Axis (C2)
supports the atlas bone, acts as a pivot point for the rotation of the atlas bone and the skull
-doesnt have extra foramen
-has a large process that sticks up vertically from the body--serves as pivot point for the bone to turn on
-allows the head to rota
thoracic vertebrae
-12 total (T1-T12)
-longest portion of the spine
-top of shoulders down to middle of back
-body larger than the cervical vertebra, smaller than lumbar vertebra
-spinous process long, sharp, pointed down
-vertebral foramen is more rounded than other verteb
lumbar vertebrae
-5 total (L1-L5)
-spine in lower back just above pelvis
-carry weight of upper body and transfer it to lower limbs
-have large, heavy bodies and short, square spinous processes the project backwards
-their transverse processes are thinner, flatter, and sh
true ribs
-#s 1-7
-first 7 pairs of ribs
-they each have their own section of cartilage that attaches them to the sternum
false ribs
-#s 8-10
-have indirect cartilage attachments--the costal cartilage on their anterior ends first attach to each other, and then to the cartilage of the 7th rib
-cartilages do not attach to the sternum independently
floating ribs
-#s 11 and 12
-they do not attach to the sternum at all
sternum
breastbone
manubrium
-most superior bone of the sternum
-articulates with the clavicles (collarbones)
body (thoracic cage)
largest bone in the middle of the sternum
xiphoid process
smallest bone fused to the inferior end of the body
-ossifies into bone in adults, is hyaline cartilage in children
temporal bone
paired bones that form the lower lateral sides of the skull and the central base of brain cavity
external acoustic meatus
external ear canal that leads to the middle ear and eardrum
mastoid process
serves as an attachment point for neck muscles
sacrum
-formed from fusion of 5 vertebrae
-attachment point for the lower appendicular skeleton
-allow the passage of spinal nerves down to the pelvis and lower limbs
-2 large articular surfaces where two coral (hip) bones attach
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
epiphysis
ends of a long bone
clavicle
collar bone"
S-shaped bone that attaches the shoulder to the axial skeleton via the sternum. superior surface is smooth and relatively flat
sternal (medial) end of clavicle
pyramid-shaped end of the clavicle that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum to form the STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT
acromial (lateral) end of the clavicle
flatter and broader than the sternal end. Articulates with the acromion of the scapula
sternoclavicular joint
the area where the clavicle and the sternum connect
acromioclavicular joint
joint where acromion and clavicle meet
(joint where highest part of shoulder meets collarbone)
scapula
thin, triangular, wing-like bone that forms the shoulder. Supported and positioned by several muscles
subscapular fossa
large, shallow depression that forms anterior surface of scapula
scapular spine
ridge on the posterior side of the scapula that is continuous with the acromion and divides this side into an upper and lower area
suprasoinous fossa
depression above the scapular spine
infraspinous fossa
depression below the scapular spine
acromion
a projection superior to the glenoid cavity on the posterior surface of the scapula. Forms the lateral end of the scapular spine and articulates with the clavicle to form the acromioclavicular joint
coracoid process
a projection superior to the glenoid cavity on the anterior surface of the scapula that provides an attachment point for the biceps brachii muscle
glenoid cavity
shallow socket on distal edge of the scapula that articulates with head of the humerous
coxal bones
known as the hip bones
ilium, ischium, pubis
ilium
the larges and most superior of the coxal bones
iliac fossa
smooth depression below the iliac crest on the medial side of the ilium
iliac crest
thick superior margin of the ilium
ischium
curved, inferior coxal bone. This is the bone that you sit on
ischial spine
a thin, pointed projection from the posterior side of the ischium
pubis
curved, anterior coxal bone
pubic symphysis
a cartilaginous joint that connects the pubis bones of the right and left side
acetabulum
the hip "socket" that articulates with the head of the femur. Formed by all three coxal bones
obturator foramen
large opening formed by the pubis and ischium for the passage of a few blood vessels and nerves
sacrum
while this makes up part of the pelvis, it is technically part of the axial skeleton. Articulates with the ilium
coccyx
while this makes up part of the pelvis, it is technically part of the axial skeleton. It is the final section of the vertebral column, connected to the sacrum
humerus
only bone in the upper arm. Extends from the scapula to the elbow
head of humerus
smooth, rounded projection at the proximal end that articulates with the glenoid cavity
anatomical neck of humerus
indentation just below the head where the smooth bone of the head ends. Visible as a thin line
surgical neck of humerus
the area where the bone narrows just before the diaphysis. Common site of fractures
deltoid tuberosity
rough patch midway down the humerus on the lateral edge. Attachment point for the deltoid muscle
trochlea (medial condyle)
smooth, flared, and angular projection on the medial side that articulates with the ulna (pinky side)
capitulum (lateral condyle)
smooth, rounded, projection on the lateral side that articulates with the radius (thumb side)
medial epicondyle of humerus
large, rough projection just above the trochlea
lateral epicondyle of humerus
smaller, rough projection proximal to the capitulum
olecranon fossa
deep depression on the posterior side that accommodates the olecranon of the ulna when the elbow is straightened
radius
lateral bone of the forearm, parallel to the ulna. Forms part of the elbow and extends toward the thumb-side of the hand
head of radius
circular process at proximal end that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
neck of radius
narrow section just below the head of the radius
radial styloid process
point of bone at the distal end of the radius that articulates with the bones of the wrist. Helps stabilize the wrist
ulna
medial bone of the forearm, parallel to the radius. Articulates with the humerus to form the elbow and extends toward the pinky-side of the hand
head of ulna
small point of bone at the DISTAL (this is unique) end of the the ulna on the anterior side
olecranon process
large hooked process on the proximal end of the ulna. Articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus to form the point of the elbow
"funny bone)
trochlear notch
deep notch just below the olecranon process on anterior side of the ulna. Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
coronoid process
smaller hooked process that forms the inferior lip just below the trochlear notch
ulnar styloid process
most distal point, medial to the head of the humerus
hand
small unit with many small bones that affords a wide range of movements
carpals
8 bones at the proximal end of the hand that articulates with the radius and ulna to form the wrist
metacarpals
5 bones that form the palm of the hand. Each one articulates with the carpals at the proximal end and a single finger at the distal end
phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) of hand
14 bones of the fingers. Each finger has a PROXIMAL, MIDDLE, and DISTAL phalanx except the thumb. The thumb only has two of these: PROXIMAL and DISTAL
femur
the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone
head of femur
articulates with the coxal bones at the acetabulum
neck of femur
weakest part of femur, just below the head
fovea capitis
small indentation in the head that allows for attachment of a ligament
greater trochanter
large lateral projection that allows for muscle attachment
lesser trochanter
medial projection that allows for muscle attachment
medial condyle
distal, medial projection that articulates with the tibia
lateral condyle
distal, lateral projection that articulates with the tibia
medial epicondyle
rounded bump just proximal to the medial condyle
lateral epicondyle
rounded bump just proximal to the lateral condyle
patella
the kneecap is the largest sesamoid bone in the body, embedded in the quadriceps tendon. Articulates with the femur
tibia
the shinbone on the medial side of the lower leg
tibial tuberosity
proximal, anterior raised surface that attaches to the patellar ligament
anterior border of tibia
anterior ridge that extends downward from the tuberosity and can be felt through the skin
medial malleolus
medial bump of the ankle
fibula
lateral bone of the lower leg
head of fibula
proximal end that articulates with the tibia at the tibiofibular joint
lateral malleolus
forms the lateral bump of the ankle. Articulates with the talus
foot
similar to hand in structure, except it is much heavier because it bears the weight of the entire body
tarsals
7 bone group connecting the lower leg to the metatarsals
calcaneus
the heel bone which is that larges of the tarsals
talus
ankle bone which articulates with the tibia
metatarsals
5 bone group that form the instep
phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) of foot
14 bone group that form the toes