Leader
Member with competence in the task or relational area assumes the leader role.
Shared Leadership
Emerges from any interested and talented group member.
Shared-Leadership Behaviors
Behaviors any member can enact to demonstrate leadership.
Relational Communication
The use of verbal communication, nonverbal communication, and listening to develop and maintain relationships between and among group members.
Verbal Communication
Comprises the words and phrases used by group members through which meaning is created
Nonverbal Communication
Comprises all communication other than words
Denotative Meaning
The dictionary or literal meaning of a word
Connotative Meaning
The personal response to a word
Listening
The process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages
Conversational Sensitivity
refers to a person's ability to pay attention to and make inferences about the meaning generated in a conversation
Second-guessing
refers to when a listener questions the literal meaning of a message to determine the truthfulness
Conflict
The process that occurs when group members, due to interdependence, real and perceived differences, and emotions, engage in an expressed struggles that impedes task accomplishment
Cohesion
A behavior that can change over the course of a group's existence, occurs when a member reaches an acceptable level of desire to stay in the group. Trust among members.
Communication Climate
The relative acceptance or rejection a group member feels based on the social and psychological tone of the relationships established among group members. Verbal and nonverbal
Supportive Communication
Group members feel their contributions are welcomed and valued. Communicated through the dimensions of description, problem orientation, spontaneity, empathy, equality, and provisionalism.
Climate-description
Choice group members make to utilize supportive or defensive communication. When people feel defensive, they report feeling physically tense, physiologically overwhelmed, and mentally confused
Problem Orientation
Focuses on collaborating with group members by seeking a mutually defined and acceptable solution
Spontaneity
Openly expresses thoughts, feelings, or emotions upfront.
Empathy
Identifies with group members and attempts to understand their feelings, needs, and interests
Equality
Treats all group members the same and believes the contributions of all group members are equally needed, desired, or required
Provisionalism
Makes tentative judgments about the task and group members
Defensive Communication
Group members feel their contributions are neither welcomed nor valued. Communicated through dimensions of evaluation, control, strategy, neutrality, and certainty
Climate-evalutation
Passes judgment, assigns blame, and interrogates group members
Control
Focuses on imposing personal point of view on group members
Strategy
Shares thoughts, feelings, or emotions less than honestly - hidden agenda
Neutrality
Indicated indifference toward the other group members and their feelings, needs, and interests
Superiority
Treats all group members differently because they are not considered equals-power, wealth, intelligence, appearance
Certainty
Sees only one way to approach a task-highly dogmatic thoughts, my way is the "right" way
Confirming Messages
recognizes the value and importance of a relational partner-important contributions
Disconfirming Messages
makes a relational partner feel devalued-not listened to, contributions unimportant, participation not welcomed or needed
Discounting Message
A message that disparages or fails to affirm a new idea
Feedback
Honest feeling expressed from one member to another or to the group as a whole contributes to relationship building and satisfaction among group members.
Trait Approach to Leadership
born leaders", physical, personality, communication skills
Democratic Style
Believes group members should be involved in the decision-making or problem-solving process, Asks for member input, Engages in two-way, open communication
Autocratic
Believes group members need controlling, Gives order, set policies, criticizes ideas, engages primarily in one-way, downward communication.
Laissez Faire
Believes group members should function independently, with little direction or personal involvement by the leader, Engages in noncommitted, superficial talk, avoid interaction
Fiedlers three primary situational factors
1. Power- leader position 2. Task structure- highly structured: Easy to evaluate & unstructured- more difficult to evaluate 3. Member relations- Communicates well-trust, loyalty, respect & poor communicator-lack of commitment, less motivated.
Strategies for leadership
1. Participate form the moment the group forms to be recognized as the leader. 2. Engage frequently in quality communication 3. Demonstrate good character by respecting group members. 4. Listen to group members
Charismatic Approach
A leader possesses the ability to accomplish extraordinary things while simultaneously exerting a powerful influence on members. Based on the perceptions of the group members. Similar to Emergent leadership-may boomerang.
Counteractive Influence Approach
Gouran - a view of leadership in decision-making and problem-solving groups. Centers on the notion that when the group encounters an obstacle, the leader needs to draw upon a repertoire of communicative shills that (a) counters what other group members have said or done and (b) influences members to resolve or remove whatever caused the obstacle.
Guidelines to enhance leadership competence
Strive toward engaging in competent group member communication behaviors. Set realistic and manageable goals for the group. Foster a supportive communication climate.
Codes of nonverbal communication
Personal appearance
Kinesics
Oculesics
Facial expression
Proxemics
Haptics
Vocalics
Listening styles-people-oriented
Refers to a person's ability to pay attention to and make inferences about the meaning generated in a conversation
Action-oriented
More likely to engage in second-guessing.
Content-oriented
Refers to when a listener questions the literal meaning of a message to determine the truthfulness
Time-oriented
Measure interactions by informing their relational partners how much time they have available to listen; Prefer brief interactions.
Barriers to listening
Viewing topic as boring or uninteresting, Refusing to consider an alternative viewpoint or perspective on a topic, Thinking emotionally rather than logically, Disagreeing outwardly with a speaker
Substantive
Critical evaluation of ideas
Affective
Communication and personality traits
Procedural
Procedures to evaluate ideas or confront behavior
Inequity
Imbalance of groups members' contributions
Avoiding
Low concern for self and others. Issue is trivial/confrontation is unnecessary.
Dominating
Priority on self concern. Issue is trivial/timely decision is needed
Compromising
Strives for middle ground. Members can't reach consensus/Dominating style has no effect.
Obliging
Highly concerned with others. Issue more important to others that you. Relationship are worth preserving.
Integrating
Works toward satisfying all. Issue is complex/requires group collaboration.
Guidelines for handling conflict
Avoiding, Dominating, Compromising, Obliging, Integrating
How a communication climate is established
The relative acceptance or rejection a group member feels based on the social and psychological tone of the relationships established among group members
How to turn a defensive climate into a supportive climate
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How to become a better group member
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Designing a presentation
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Delivering a presentation
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How not to emerge as a leader
Don't attend group meetings. If you attend don't speak. Be domineering or derail group. Volunteer to play the formal recorder role.