Speed
Rate at which object moves. S=d/t
Veliocity
Speed and direction.
Acceleration
any change in velocity.
Acceleration of Gravity (g)
(1) falling objects fall at same rate (2) on earth g=10m/s2 (3) g is same for all objects
Momentum
#NAME?
Net Force
changes momentum which generally produces acceleraion (velocity)
Angular Momentum
Rotation Momentum of a spinning or orbiting object
Net Force Yes
Car Stopping. Bus Speeding up. Bicycle around curve. moon orbiting Jupiter
Net Force No
Elevator moving at constant speed
Mass vs. Weight
Mass=amount of matter in object. Weight=force acting on object
Newton's Influences
(1) Universal Laws (2) discovered laws of motion and gravity and more...
Newton's First Law
Object moves at constant velocity unless a net force acts to change speed or direction
Newton's Second Law
Force = ma
Newton's Third Law
For every force, there is an = and opposite reaction force
If a car and bug hit at same time is their Change in Velocity the same?
NO
Conservation of Momentum
Total momentum cant change unless external force acts upon it. interacting objects exchange momentum thru equal and opposite forces.
Conservation of Angular momentum
#NAME?
Enegy can...
make matter move, transfer from one object to another, and change in form
Types of energy
Kinetic, Potential, Radiative (light)
Thermal energy
the total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in a substance. Depends on temperature AND density
Temperature
the average kinetic energy of the individual particles
Temperature scales
F: 212 and 32 C: 100 and 0 K: 373.15 and 273.15
Gravitational Potential energy
on Earth, depends on three things (1) mass (2) strength of gravity (3) distance object could potentially fall
Gas cloud in space and grav. poten. eneg.
in space, bigger cloud = more energy and small cloud converts grav. pote. energy to thermal energy
Mass energy
mass itself is a form of potential energy, e = mc^2 (e potential energy and c speed of light) Small amount can release a lot of energy
Concentrated energy can...
spontaniously turn into particles
Conservation of energy
energy cannot be created or destroyed, can change form or be exchanged, and the total energy of universe came from big bang and is same today
Universal law of gravitation
every mass attracts every other mass, attracts it DIRECTLY porportional to the PRODUCT of their masses, attraction is INVERSELY porportional to the SQUARE of the distance between their centers. , F = G ((m1m2)/d^2)
when you increase distance the force gets...
smaller
g=
9.8 m/s^2
How does Newtons law of gravity extend Kepler's laws?
Keplers first two laws apply to all orbiting objects not just planets. Ellipses are not only orbital paths: ellipses, porabolas, or hyperbolas. Can be used to measure the mass of orbiting systems
Center of mass
because of momentum conservation object orbit around their center of mass
orbital period + average orbital distance = ?
total mass (Newton and Keplers third law)
More gravitational energy =
Less kinetic energy =
What can make and object gain or lose orbital energy?
Friction or atmospheric drag, gravitational encounter
Escape velocity
from earth ~ 11 km/s. Does NOT depend on mass.
Moons gravity and tides
pulls harder on near side of earth, stretches earth, size of tide depends on phase of moon
Tidal friction
Gradually slows Earths rotation and moon once orbited faster or slower (tidal friction locked it)
The gravitational acceleration of and object does NOT depend on its mass
Einsteins general theory of relativity