the quadrant
measured star's altitude above horizon, used to calculate person's latitude on Earth's surface
the astrolabe
persian; an early star chart
stonehenge
english; sun lines up on rocks at certain times of day
artwork & paintings
used astronomy themes
mexico city pyramids
dedicated to sun & moon
what was the reasoning behind ancients' interest in the changing night sky?
practical
first example of ancients' practical interest in changing night sky
farmers - needed to understand seasons for planting & harvesting crops
second example of ancients' practical interest in changing night sky
seafarers - used stars for navigation, esp. Polaris
cosmetology
study of hairdressing
cosmology
scientific study of structure & evolution of universe
what was the universe to the ancient Greeks?
Solar system - sun, moon, planets
what do mere points of lights represent in our universe today?
entire galaxies - 100+ billion stars
what does geo mean?
earth
what does centric mean?
centered
geocentric model = ?
earth is at center of everything
who devised the geocentric model?
Claudius Ptolemy
when did Ptolemy live?
83 AD - 165 AD (82 yrs)
what seemed to wander across the CS as the geocentric model was being devised?
planets
did the stars seem to wander across the CS?
no
in reality, what is really going on in our SS concerning orbiting?
planets all orbit Sun & are moving against background of stars
prograde motion
forward/eastward drift of planets
retrograde motion
apparent backward/westward drift of planets
what did the planets seem to do on occasion?
back up, then move forward again
what was Ptolemy's explanation for retrograde motion?
planets orbit Earth using two pivot arms
epicycle
small loop
deferent
large loop
first arguement for Geocentric model
Earth doesn't feel like it's moving, so we can't be going around the sun
what is the first counter-arguement against GCM?
nonaccelerating motion can't be detected
second arguement for GCM
if we revolve around Sun, why don't we observe stellar parallax?
stellar
stars
second counter-arguement against GCM
stars are too far away for parallax to occur
third argument for GCM
if Earth moved through space, how could the moon keep up with it without a tether?
third counter-arguement against GCM
the moon moves because of inertia & gravity from Earth
fourth arguement for GCM
if Earth spins on its axis, why aren't things flying off into space?
fourth counter-arguement against GCM
we aren't spinning fast enough, we'd have to spin 17x faster for things to fly off
helio
sun
centric
centered
heliocentric model (HCM) means...
sun is at center
who devised HCM?
polish Nicholas Copernicus
when did Copernicus live?
1473 - 1543
in HCM, all planets orbit...
the sun
in HCM, moon orbits...
Earth
in HCM, stars...
stay fixed outside SS
how did Copernicus explain retrograde motion?
planets orbit sun at different distances, outside orbit = slower, inside orbit = faster
as Earth passed Mars, it appeared to...
back up
Copernicus published a book explaining his thinking but died thinking he was...
wrong
Hans Lippershay (HL)
dutch (netherlands) eyeglass maker
what did HL do in 1608?
placed 2 lenses together & made world's first telescope
what was HL's first telescope called?
the looker
whom did HL sell his first telescope to?
dutch navy
Galileo Galilei - GG (origin, profession, life dates)
italian astronomer, 1570 - 1619
what is GG the "Father" of and why?
Father of Experimental Science - willingness to perform experiments to test his new ideas
what did GG do?
build his own telescope after only HEARING about HL's
did GG invent the telescope?
NOOOOO
GG was the first to use the telescope for what?
astronomical observation
what was the magnification of GG's first telescope?
9x
what was the magnification of GG's final telescope (by the time he died)?
30x
since the teachings of Aristotle in 300BC, the heavens were believed to consist of what?
perfect spheres
what did GG's observations conflict with?
Ptolemy and his GCM
what was GG's first discovery?
moon had mountains & craters on it & was NOT a perfect sphere
what was GG's second discovery?
sun had blemishes on it (sunspots)
what was GG's third discovery?
Jupiter had 4 moons orbiting it - IO, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto
what are Jupiter's four moons now known as?
4 Galilean moons of Jupiter
what did GG's third discovery conclude & why?
Earth's moon could be orbiting it without Earth being the center of the universe because that's exactly what Jupiter's moons are doing
what was GG's fourth & final discovery?
Venus goes through full cycle of phases like the moon
was Venus ever visible at midnight?
NOOO
was a full Venus ever visible from Earth?
NOOO
If GCM were correct, would Venus be visible at midnight and a full Venus visible from Earth?
yes!
If HCM were correct, would Venus be visible at midnight and a full Venus visible from Earth?
NOOO
Which discovery convinced GG that Copernicus's HCM was correct?
Venus's phases
what was Galileo's book called?
The Dialego
what did GG's book incorporate?
simplicio" or simpleton, which made arguments against GCM simple
which language did GG publish The Dialego in? could everyone read it?
ITALIAN, yes!
which language would only scholars be able to read?
latin
which pope was not amused with GG?
Pope Urban VIII (8)
what did Pope Urban VIII do?
place GG under arrest for heresy, the crime of going against the church
what was GG forced to do during his trial?
recant his belief in Copernican system
for the last 8 years of GG's life, what happened to him?
placed under house arrest
what did GG suffer from as a result of his curiosity as an astronomer?
blindness from staring at sun
where was GG's body buried?
a tomb in Church of Holy Cross - Florence, Italy
what was placed on display in Museum of Science (Florence, Italy)
GG's middle finger
which pope finally pardoned GG in 1992?
Pope John Paul II (2)
what happened to Giordano Bruno in 1600?
burned alive at the stake for claiming Earth orbited the Sun