Language Production
What people say, sign, and write as well as the processes they go through to produce these messages
Language producers
speakers
Language understanders
listeners
Audience design
Process of shaping a message depending on the audience for which it is intended
H. Paul Grice
Cooperative Principle - speakers should be clear as to the audience they are talking to
Grice # of Maximums (table 9.3)
4
Maximum #1
Quantity - make contribution as informative as required -do not over inform
Maximum #2
Quality - make contribution that is true and have evidence to back it
Maximum #3
Relation - Be relevant- and clear in transitions - what you say now must follow what you said before
Maximum#4
Manner - Be orderly, brief and clear -
Herbert Clark
Common Ground
Clark - Source of evidence #1 (Alex see book - P.259)
Community Membership - Language producers often make strong assumptions about what is likely to be mutually known based on shared membership
Source of evidence #2
Linguistic Copresence - Language producers often assume that information contained in earlier parts of a conversation is part of the common ground
Source of evidence #3
Physical copresence - exists when a speaker and a listener are directly in the physical presence of objects or situations.
Spoonerism (table 9.4)
an exchange of initial sounds in a phrase or sentence