Apical means "toward the _____
Root tip
When assessing and quantifying gingivitis, the modified Loe and Silness index is often referred to. According to this index, a gingival index 3 indicates:
Moderate gingivitis, with gentle probing resulting in bleeding
Hypodontia is defined as:
Absence of only a few teeth
When grading furcation involvement, how is a Grade 3 determined?
The probe can be passed through the furcation from buccal to palatal/lingual
When grading tooth mobility, which of the following grades corresponds to a Grade 3?
- No mobility
- Horizontal movement < 1 mm
- Horizontal movement > 1 mm
- Vertical and horizontal movement
Vertical and horizontal movement
Which teeth on each side of the dog's mouth have 3 roots?
Maxillary 4th premolars, 1st and 2nd molars
At what age do the permanent canine and premolar teeth in dogs generally erupt?
4-6 months
Using the Triadan system, the proper way to describe a dog's 1st maxillary left permanent premolar?
205
Using the Triadan system, the proper way to describe a cat's first mandibular right molar is:
409
The pulp canal of a tooth contains:
Blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissues
As part of normal tooth development, what part of the tooth widens?
Dentin
Dentin is covered by:
Cementum and enamel
Adult feline dental formula:
2x [I 3/3:C 1/1:P 3/2:M 1/1]
The carnassial teeth in dogs are:
4P4 and 1M1
The free or marginal gingiva:
Forms the gingival sulcus around the tooth
The periodontium includes the periodontal ligament and all of the following except:
- Gingiva
- Cementum
- Alveolar bome
- Enamel
Enamel
In veterinary dentistry, chlorhexidine solutions are used because they:
Have antibacterial properties
When using hand instruments to clean teeth:
Use a modified pen grasp with overlapping pull strokes that are directed away from the gingival margin.
Pocket depth is measured from the:
Current free gingival margin to the bottom of the gingival sulcus
Between patients, it is best maintain instruments in what order?
Use, wash, sharpen, and sterilize
You have an instrument in your hand that has two sharp sides, a rounded back, and a rounded point. You are holding a:
Universal curette
When polishing teeth using an air-driven unit, the speed of the hand piece that should be used is the:
Low speed
The term that best describes a dog with an abnormally short mandible is:
Brachygnathism
A malocclusion where one side of the mandible or maxilla is disproportionate to its other side is known as:
Wry mouth
Malocclusion in which the upper fourth premolar lies palatal to the first molars is known as:
Posterior crossbite
A malocclusion in which the canines erupt in an overly upright position, or the mandible is narrowed, is known as:
Base-narrow mandibular canines
Malocclusion in which one or more of the upper incisor teeth are caudal to the lower incisors is known as:
Rostral crossbite
What are the proper steps to prepare a patient for a surgical tooth extraction?
Scale, polishm=, rinse with chlorhexidine, then extract
Dry socket is more likely to occur when one:
Overirrigates the tooth socket so that no clot can form
Gingivoplasty is the:
Removal of hyperplastic gingival tissue
To protect the pulp tissue of teeth from thermal damage during ultrasonic scaling, one should:
Use constant irrigation
Another term for neck lesions often seen on feline teeth is:
Feline odontoclastic resoptive lesions
Stomatitis is defined as:
Inflammation of the mouth's soft tissue
When taking x-rays of the canine tooth in a large breed dog, what size dental film should be used to ensure that the whole tooth is inclused?
4
Dental film should be placed in the mouth with the dimple facing:
Up and pointing rostrally
The flap side of the dental film should face:
Away from the tube head
The bisecting angle principle states that the plane of an x-ray beam should be 90 degrees to the:
Imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the tooth's long axis and the film plane
You are looking at your dental xrays and notice that the tooth is elongated. This happened because the beam was perpendicular to the:
tooth
A scaler is used to:
Scale large amounts of calculus from the tooth surface
What mineralized tissue covers the root of the tooth?
Cementum
The nerves and blood vessels of a tooth are located in the:
Pulp cavity
An older dog with dental disease is presented to the clinic with a draining tract below his right eye. What is the most likely cause?
Right-sided maxillary carnassial tooth root abscess
Why would thermal bone injury be a complication of tooth extraction?
The bur will overheat and damage the soft tissue bone
Prognathism is a normal condition in brachycephalic breeds but is considered a genetic defect in other breeds. It is best characterized as:
A mandible that is longer than the maxilla
Which teeth are NOT normally present in the adult cat?
P1 and P1 and P2
The furcation is best described as:
The space between two roots where they meet the crown
What is the most common clinical sign of feline stomatitis?
Erythematous, ulcerative, proliferative lesions affecting the gingiva, glossopalatine arches, tongue, lips, buccal mucosa, and/or hard palate
An oronasal fistula can often occur secondary to:
Abscess of the maxillary canine tooth
A biopsy report confirms that an oral mass is an acanthomatous ameloblastoma or an acanthomatous epulis. What is a true statement regarding this growth?
It is a nonmalignant tumor
What are the functions of the pulp of a tooth?
Contains blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrition and sensation to the tooth
When the pulp cavity of a tooth is exposed, what is (are) the appropriate procedure(s) that should be performed?
Tooth extraction or root canal therapy
From birth to 9 months of age, what condition is not present in the oral cavity?
Occurrence of oral masses
Perioceutics refers to:
Application of time-released antibiotics directly within the oral cavity
The bisecting angle technique is a method for radiographing the oral cavity. The description that adequately describes this technique is:
The central radiation beam is directed perpendicular to the line that bisects the angle formed by the film and the long axis of the tooth
A curette is used to:
Scale calculus from the tooth surface located in the gingival sulcus
A dog exposed to distemper as a puppy may develop what oral condition?
Enamel hypoplasia
Oligodontia is defined as:
congenital absence of many, but not all, teeth
When comparing the size of the upper canine tooth, how much of the tooth is exposed versus that below the gumline?
1/3 of the tooth is exposed
The upper 4th premolar communicates with what sinus?
Maxillary
The crown of a tooth is defined as:
That portion above the gum line and covered by enamel
The range for acceptable gingival sulcal measurements in cats is:
0.5-1 mm
How does tracheal rupture occur in feline dental patients?
Overinflation of the endotracheal tube cuff
What stage of periodontal disease shows no change to the alveolar height, but includes mild gingival inflammation?
Stage I
The occlusal surface is defined as the:
Chewing surface of the tooth
When grading tooth mobility, what grade corresponds to a Grade 2?
Horizontal movement > 1 mm
What tooth has three roots?
Upper fourth premolar
When grading furcation involvement, how would a Grade 1 be described?
The furcation can be felt with the probe/explorer, but horizontal tissue destruction is <1/3 of the horizontal width
What term identifies the loss of a tooth structure by an outside cause?
Abrasion
The thin film covering a tooth that is composed of bacteria, saliva, and food particles is:
Plaque
In general, most dental instruments should be held as you would hold a:
Pencil
Removal of calculus and necrotic cementum from the tooth roots is called:
Curettage
Luxation of a tooth cannot be termed as:
Attrition
Ideally, the cutting edge of the scaler should be held at what angle to the tooth surface?
45-90 degrees
After plaque bacteria have formed on the tooth, the bacteria will absorb calcium from the saliva to form what substance?
Calculus
What tissue is NOT part of the periodontium?
Root
Which cells are responsible for destroying the hard surfaces of the root?
Odontoclasts
What term identifies the space between the roots of the same tooth?
Furcation
What is the directional term for "toward the root"?
Apical
Chlorhexidine contribute to dental prophylaxis by:
Bonding to the cell membrane and inhibiting bacterial growth
What is the proper dilution of chlorhexidine solution for use in the mouth?
0.2%
Topical fluoride:
Helps desensitize teeth and slows the rate of plaque formation
What instrument is used for root planing?
Curette
What instrument is used to detect subgingival calculus?
Explorer
What instrument is used for removal of supragingival calculus?
Scaler
An elongation of one side of the animal's head results in:
Wry mouth
The bulk of a tooth is composed of:
Dentin
Applying fluoride and rinsing with diluted chlorhexidine at the same time:
Is less effective, because binding of one product may inactivate the other
Nerves and blood vessels enter the tooth through the:
Apical delta
When one or more of the upper incisors rest caudally on the lower incisors, and rest of the occlussion is normal, the condition is known as:
Rostral crossbite
The term POLYDONTIA refers to:
Supernumerary teeth
The normal sulcus depth in the dog is:
3 mm
Two tooth buds that grow together to form one larger tooth is referred to as:
Fusion
The term for a tooth that has one root but two crowns is:
Gemini
Where do tooth resorption lesions first appear clinically in the cat?
At the cementoenamel junction
Malocclusion in which the mandible is caudal to the maxilla is termed:
Class 2 mandibular distoclusions
Malocclusions in which the mandibular is rostral to the maxilla is termed:
Class 3 mandibular mesioclusions
The maxillary carnassial tooth in the cat is also known as the:
Upper last premolar
Which dental radiographic projection images 101, 102, 103, 201, 202, 203?
Rostral maxillary
Which dental radiographic projection images 301-304 and 401-404?
Rostral mandibular view
In dental xrays, periapical disease appears as a:
Radiolucent area around the apex of the tooth
What is the general appearance of a Class 5 feline resorptive lesion?
The tooth is not visible, only gum tissue
Internal resorption primarily affects the:
Pulp
Horizontal bone loss occurs in cases of:
Periodontal disease
Vital pulp therapy refers to:
Operating outright on the pulp on a live tooth
Which nerve block will anesthetize all the maxillary teeth on the injected side?
Maxillary
What is the best time to use the extraction forceps?
At the end of procedure when the tooth is very mobile
The placement of an esophagostomy feeding tube benefits the dental patient after which procedure?
Mandibulectomy or maxillectomy
For what is crown reduction and restoration used?
A palatal trauma cause by a lingually displaced mandibular canine
What increments do periodontal probes with Williams markings have?
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
When conducting a tooth-by-tooth evaluation with dental xrays, when is the client given the total estimate for care?
After the evaluation is completed while the patient is still anesthetized
Local antibiotic therapy is provided:
Into the periodontal pocket
What is epinephrine's role in local anesthesia in relation to a dental procedure?
Pronlongs the anesthetic through vasoconstriction
Which material is used to fill the pulp chamber inside the tooth during root canal therapy?
Gutta percha
What inheritable oral condition, causing a non-neoplastic bone formation, is primarily seen in West Highland terriers?
Cranial mandibular osteodystrophy
When referring to dental- related conditions, staging is a way to:
Classify tumors
Equine cheek teeth are primarily used for:
Grinding and mastication
Teeth that grow throughout an equine patient's life are termed:
Elodont
How many deciduous teeth do horses have?
24
How many incisors are present in the adult equine patient?
12
Canine teeth are always present in:
Male horses
At what age do premolars erupt in foals?
5-7 days after birth
An adult equine mouth normally contains ________ cheek teeth.
24
Which teeth are the most appropriate for determining the age of horses?
Incisors
Parrot mouth in foals is also known as:
Overbite
Dental dysplasia is the abnormal development of teeth that involve:
The entire tooth
When using motorized equipment for an equine prophylaxis, speeds should range from ___________ to prevent thermal damage.
2000-3000 rpm
Which instrument should be used to reduce the crown of sharp canine teeth?
Small files
When inspecting the mucous membranes during an oral assessment, one would look at:
Vessicle formation and ulceration
When inspecting the pathology of a patient during an oral assessment, one would look at:
Gingival recession
What is the correct dental term/ definition describing a tooth surface?
Distal- farthest from the midline
A curette:
Can be used either supragingivally or subgingivally
When grading furcation involvement, how would a Grade 2 be described?
The furcation can be explored, but the probe cannot pass through it
What term identifies the hard, mineralized substance on the tooth surface?
Calculus
What is the main purpose of premolar teeth?
Cutting and breaking
Anodontia is defined as:
Total absence of teeth
Med and Lg breed dogs are most commonly affected by dental decay, which is also known as:
Caries
Periodontal disesae is the result of the inflammatory process to:
Dental plaque
The inflammatory reactions in periodontitis result in the destruction of:
Periodontal ligament and alveolar bone
When scaling a tooth that has a large amount of calculus, the process should occur:
Remove gross dental deposits with rongeurs or extraction forceps; remove residual supragingival deposits with hand instruments; use power scaler to remove remaining deposits
Why would a vet tech lavage a pathological pocket with chlorhexidine?
To remove bacteria, to remove free-floating debris, to prevent abscess formation
What is the dental formula of a lagomorph?
2x [I 2/1:C 0/0:P 3/2:M 3/3]
The heaviest calculus deposition in dogs and cats is typically located on the:
Buccal surfaces of the upper cheek teeth
Most abnormal dental conditions experienced by lagomorphs and rodents are a result of:
Diet, environment, husbandry
The correct dental formula for the adult dog is:
2(I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/4 M 3/3) = 42
The correct dental formula for the adult cat is:
2(I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1) = 30