Magnesium
Mg 1.5-2.5
Muscle relaxation
Small ECF Amount
Hypermagnesemia
Muscles are too relaxed
Decreased DTR
Respiratory arrest
Hypomagnesemia
Muscles excited
increased DTR
Seizures
Tachycardia
Phosphate
2.5-4.5
Muscle contraction
small ECF amount
Hyperphosphatemia
Muscles excited
Tetany
Hypophosphatemia
muscles are too relaxed
weakness
Respiratory Failure
Potassium
K 3.5-5.0
intracellular excitability
small ECF amount
Cardiac Sensitive: ARRHYTHMIA
Hypokalemia
Parasthesias (tingling)
Inverted T wave
Hyperkalemia
Paralysis
Tall peak T wave
Calcium
Ca 8.5-10.5
Bones
Neuronal Excitability
Protein Bound
Hypercalcemia
Decreased muscle
contraction
constipation
QT shortening
Hypocalcemia
excess muscle contraction
diarrhea
muscle spasms
tetany
trousseau sign
seizures
QT prolongation
Chloride
Cl 95-105
Sodium
Na 135-145
extracellular excitability
sensitive to fluid balances
Hyponatremia
muscle cramps
confusion
weakness
Hypernatremia
DEHYDRATION
thirst
dry,flushed skin
hydrostatic pressure:
The pressure created by the weight of fluid against the wall that contains it. In the body, hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels results from the weight of fluid itself and the force resulting from cardiac contraction.
hypertonic solution:
a solution with an osmolality higher than that of serum
hypotonic solution:
a solution with an osmolality lower than that of serum
isotonic solution:
a solution with the same osmolality as serum and other body fluids
osmolality:
the number of milliosmoles (the standard unit of osmotic pressure) per kilogram of solvent; expressed as milliosmoles per kilogram (mOsm/kg). (The term osmolality is used more often than osmolarity to evaluate serum and urine.)
osmolarity:
the number of milliosmoles (the standard unit of osmotic pressure) per liter of solution; expressed as milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L); describes the concentration of solutes or dissolved particles
tonicity:
fluid tension or the effect that osmotic pressure of a solution with impermeable solutes exerts on cell size because of water movement across the cell membrane