Respiratory Surface
Allows for efficient diffusion of gasses
Conditions of the respiratory surface
Thin and Moist
In contact with an environmental source of oxygen
In contact with transport system
Protist, Monera, and Fungi
Simple diffusion across cell membrane
External Membrane
The respiratory surface in the protist, monera, and fungi is the ____________________
Hydra
2 cell layers in full contact with water, gas exchange occurs by diffusion
Lower
Water has a ________ concentration of oxygen than atmospheric gas
Water Dwellers
Organisms need constant circulation of water over the respiratory surface in order to obtain oxygen
Gills
Thin folded slits in a fish that increase surface area and do respiration. Constant motion of these insure an adequate flow of water.
Capillaries
_________ are found below the surface of gills
Counter-current Flow
Water flows across the respiratory surface of the gill in one direction while blood flows in the other direction through the blood vessels on the other side of the surface
Land Dwellers
Need a moist respiratory surface, usually have internal respiratory surfaces
Respiratory Pigments
Increase the efficiency of obtaining and transporting respiratory gases. Ex. hemoglobin
Moist Skin
An earthworm's respiratory surface is its _____________
Mucous
Worms secret ______ to keep their skin moist
Direct
Skin is in _______ contact with the capillaries
Hemoglobin
__________________ transports oxygen in an earthworm
Grasshopper
Exoskeleton prevents external gas exchange in a _______________.
Spiracles
Openings in the exoskeleton
Specialized
A grasshopper has a _______ system for respiration
Tracheal Tubes
Lead to an internal respiratory surface
Air sacs
___________ are the respiratory surface of a grasshopper
Nostrils
Lead to nasal passages
Nasal Passages
Filter, moisten, and warm air
Hair and Cilia
Little hairs that filter large particles
Mucous Membranes
Moisten air and trap dust
Warm
Nasal capillaries have ___________ air.
Pharynx
Throat
Epiglottis
Blocks opening to trachea during swallowing
Larynx
Voice box
Vibration
________________ of vocal chords causes sounds
Thickness
__________________ of vocal membrane affects depth of voice
Trachea
Windpipe
Cartilaginous Rings
Prevent collapse
Ciliated
_______________ mucous membranes sweep dust and particles upward (coughing)
Smoking
_____________ impairs action of the cilia
Bronchi
2 main branches of the trachea, contain cartilaginous rings
Bronchial Tubes
The bronchi branch into_______________
Bronchioles
Bronchiol tubes branch into ______________
Alveoli
The air sacs in the lungs where carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged between the atmosphere and the blood
Alveoli
The respiratory surface of a human is the ___________
Breathing
Mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs
External Respiration
Exchange of gases between atmosphere and the blood
Internal Respiration
Exchange of gases between blood and body cells
Oxygen/alveoli/diffuses/capillaries
During gas exchange, _______ from the atmosphere enters the _______ and _________ into the ___________.
Carbon Dioxide/diffuses/capillaries/body cells/lungs/exhaled
______________ _____________ into the ____________ from the _______________ and is carried to the _____________ where it is ________________.
Contracts/rises/decreases/into/increased
During inhalation the diaphragm __________, the rib cage ___________, air pressure ____________ because air is forced ________ the lungs, and there is an ________ space and volume of the chest cavity.
Relaxes/drops/increases/out/decreased
During exhalation the diaphragm ____________, the rib cage, air pressure _______________ because air is forced ____ of lungs, and there is a ____________ space and volume of the chest cavity.
Medulla Oblongata
Breathing rate is controlled by the ___________ ___________
Increased Carbon Dioxide
The medulla oblongata triggers inhalation when _________________ is sensed in the blood.
Carbon Dioxide
The human breathing rate is regulated by the concentration of ____________ in the blood
Asthma
Inflammatory disease of the airways. Allergic reaction in which the bronchi and bronchioles get inflamed
Emphysema
Alveoli breakdown due to the loss of elasticity. Reduced area for gas exchange.
Bronchitis
Linings of bronchial tubes become irritated and swollen. Alveoli may swell and clog with mucus.
Pneumonia
Alveoli become filled with fluid, can be viral or bacterial
Lung Cancer
Tumors form in the lungs as a result of irregular cell growth