Respiration

Respiratory Surface

Allows for efficient diffusion of gasses

Conditions of the respiratory surface

Thin and Moist
In contact with an environmental source of oxygen
In contact with transport system

Protist, Monera, and Fungi

Simple diffusion across cell membrane

External Membrane

The respiratory surface in the protist, monera, and fungi is the ____________________

Hydra

2 cell layers in full contact with water, gas exchange occurs by diffusion

Lower

Water has a ________ concentration of oxygen than atmospheric gas

Water Dwellers

Organisms need constant circulation of water over the respiratory surface in order to obtain oxygen

Gills

Thin folded slits in a fish that increase surface area and do respiration. Constant motion of these insure an adequate flow of water.

Capillaries

_________ are found below the surface of gills

Counter-current Flow

Water flows across the respiratory surface of the gill in one direction while blood flows in the other direction through the blood vessels on the other side of the surface

Land Dwellers

Need a moist respiratory surface, usually have internal respiratory surfaces

Respiratory Pigments

Increase the efficiency of obtaining and transporting respiratory gases. Ex. hemoglobin

Moist Skin

An earthworm's respiratory surface is its _____________

Mucous

Worms secret ______ to keep their skin moist

Direct

Skin is in _______ contact with the capillaries

Hemoglobin

__________________ transports oxygen in an earthworm

Grasshopper

Exoskeleton prevents external gas exchange in a _______________.

Spiracles

Openings in the exoskeleton

Specialized

A grasshopper has a _______ system for respiration

Tracheal Tubes

Lead to an internal respiratory surface

Air sacs

___________ are the respiratory surface of a grasshopper

Nostrils

Lead to nasal passages

Nasal Passages

Filter, moisten, and warm air

Hair and Cilia

Little hairs that filter large particles

Mucous Membranes

Moisten air and trap dust

Warm

Nasal capillaries have ___________ air.

Pharynx

Throat

Epiglottis

Blocks opening to trachea during swallowing

Larynx

Voice box

Vibration

________________ of vocal chords causes sounds

Thickness

__________________ of vocal membrane affects depth of voice

Trachea

Windpipe

Cartilaginous Rings

Prevent collapse

Ciliated

_______________ mucous membranes sweep dust and particles upward (coughing)

Smoking

_____________ impairs action of the cilia

Bronchi

2 main branches of the trachea, contain cartilaginous rings

Bronchial Tubes

The bronchi branch into_______________

Bronchioles

Bronchiol tubes branch into ______________

Alveoli

The air sacs in the lungs where carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged between the atmosphere and the blood

Alveoli

The respiratory surface of a human is the ___________

Breathing

Mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs

External Respiration

Exchange of gases between atmosphere and the blood

Internal Respiration

Exchange of gases between blood and body cells

Oxygen/alveoli/diffuses/capillaries

During gas exchange, _______ from the atmosphere enters the _______ and _________ into the ___________.

Carbon Dioxide/diffuses/capillaries/body cells/lungs/exhaled

______________ _____________ into the ____________ from the _______________ and is carried to the _____________ where it is ________________.

Contracts/rises/decreases/into/increased

During inhalation the diaphragm __________, the rib cage ___________, air pressure ____________ because air is forced ________ the lungs, and there is an ________ space and volume of the chest cavity.

Relaxes/drops/increases/out/decreased

During exhalation the diaphragm ____________, the rib cage, air pressure _______________ because air is forced ____ of lungs, and there is a ____________ space and volume of the chest cavity.

Medulla Oblongata

Breathing rate is controlled by the ___________ ___________

Increased Carbon Dioxide

The medulla oblongata triggers inhalation when _________________ is sensed in the blood.

Carbon Dioxide

The human breathing rate is regulated by the concentration of ____________ in the blood

Asthma

Inflammatory disease of the airways. Allergic reaction in which the bronchi and bronchioles get inflamed

Emphysema

Alveoli breakdown due to the loss of elasticity. Reduced area for gas exchange.

Bronchitis

Linings of bronchial tubes become irritated and swollen. Alveoli may swell and clog with mucus.

Pneumonia

Alveoli become filled with fluid, can be viral or bacterial

Lung Cancer

Tumors form in the lungs as a result of irregular cell growth