Portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Ecumene
Total number of objects in an area. total people/total land area. Enables geographers to compare number of people trying to live on a given piece of land.
Arithmetic Density
Number of people supported by a unit of arable (land suited for agriculture). If greater than arithmetic density, smaller percentage of suitable land for farming.
Physiological Density
Ratio of number of farmers to the amount of arable land. Helps account for economic differences: Developed countries have lower because of technology and finance.
Agricultural Density
Total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in a society. 20 means that for every 1000 people 20 babies are born over one year period
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Percentage by which a population grows in a year. CDR-CBR. Excludes migration
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
Number of years needed to double a population assuming constant rate of natural increase.
Doubling Time
Average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. Measures the number of births in a society.
Total Fertility Rate
A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex. Youngest at base. Length of bar represents the percentage of total population contained in that group. Males usually on left. Broad base: many children; reverse: many older people
Population Pyramid
Number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to number of people in their productive years. The larger it is the greater the financial burden on those who are working.
Dependency Ratio
Number of males per 100 females in a population. Developed countries have more females because on average women live 7 years longer. Asian countries have more men due to preference.
Sex Ratio
Process of change in society's population from high CBR and CDR and low NIR to a condition of low CBR, low CDR, and low NIR in higher population. Consists of 4 stages.
Demographic Transition
VERY HIGH BIRTH AND DEATH RATES PRODUCE VIRTUALLY NO LONG TERM NATURAL INCREASE" No country in this stage. Most of this period people depended on hunting and gathering. Population would increase if food could be found otherwise it decreased.
Stage 1
RAPIDLY DECLINING DEATH RATES AND VERY HIGH BIRTH RATES PRODUCED VERY HIGH NATURAL INCREASE" Europe and North America entered this stage due to Industrial Revolution (1750). Increase in wealth which was used to make communities healthier to live in.
Afri
Stage 2
Began in United Kingdom. A conjunction of major improvements in technology so in manufacturing goods and delivering them to market
Industrial Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America diffused to developing countries. Improved medical practices eliminated traditional causes of death.
Medical Revolution
BIRTH RATES RAPIDLY DECLINE, DEATH RATES CONTINUE TO DECLINE, NIR BEGINS TO MODERATE" Moves to this stage with sharp drop in CBR. CBR is still greater than CDR though so NIR still occurs but slowly. Economic changes induce people to have less kids. Farme
Stage 3
VERY LOW BIRTH RATES AND DEATH RATES PRODUCE VIRTUALLY NO LONG TERM NATURAL INCREASE AND POSSIBLY A DECREASE" CBR declines to a point where it equals CDR and NIR approaches 0. Women enter labor force rather than remain homemakers. Birth control methods m
Stage 4
Decline of total fertility rate where NIR equals 0. TFR results in a lack of change in the total population over a long term. TFR of 2.1 produces it.
Zero Population Growth
1) Lowering Birth Rates through education and health. Wealthier community has more money to spend on education and health care programs that promote lower birth rates. More women attend school learn employment skills and gain economic control over lives.
Strategies to Reduce Birth Rate
argues that the worlds rate of population increase was outrunning development of food supplies. Unless moral restraint produced lower CBR's or disaster, famine, or war increased CDR.
Thomas Malthus
Two characteristics of recent population growth adhere to view
1)Malthus failed to anticipate that relatively poor countries would have the most rapid population growth due to medical diffusion. Gap between population growth and resources is wider.
2)Worl
Neo-Malthusians
Pessimistic view based on fixed resources rather than expanding.
Do not agree with a large population being a problem. Could actually stimulate economic growth therefore more production of food. Large demand, more supplies.
Marxists do not see relationshi
Malthus's Critics
NIR has grown at its most rapid rate ever, but food production has consistently grown at faster rate. Better growing techniques, cultivation of more land. (many cannot afford food, have access but not money, that's not a decrease in food production but in
Malthus's Theory and Reality
VERY LOW CBR, INCREASING CDR, NEGATIVE NIR." After several decades of very low birth rates, country would have relatively few young women aging into child bearing age. And those that can would choose to have fewer children. With more elderly than young,
Stage 5
Distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition.
Epidemiologic Transition
Branch of medical science concerned with incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by special causes not generally present in the affected locality.
Epidemiology
High CDR. Infectious and parasitic diseases were primary causes of human deaths. Most violent epidemic was the Black plague.
Stage 1 Pestilence and Famine
Rapidly Declining CDR. Receding pandemics. Improved sanitation, nutrition and medicine during Industrial Revolution (first caused cholera due to crowding in city). Construction of water and sewer systems.
Stage 2 Receding Pandemics
disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
Pandemic
Moderately declining CDR. Decrease in death by infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging : cardiovascular diseases and cancer. (sub saharan and south asia low incidence of cancer due to short life expectancy)
Stage 3 Degenerative Diseases
Low but increasing CDR. Cancer and cardiovascular diseases are contained due to medical advances. Obesity has become a problem.
Stage 4 Delayed Degenerative Diseases
Infectious diseases may have evolved and changed due to resistance. Infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas because of unsanitary conditions, and most cannot afford the drugs necessary. Vaccines not afforded by everyone. (TB for example) Relo
Stage 5 Infectious Diseases Evolution, Poverty, and Increased Connections
Annual number of deaths of infants per 1000 under one year of age compared with total live births. Reflects country's health-care system.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Measures average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels. More favorable in wealthy countries.
Life Expectancy
caused the population growth ten thousand years ago
Agricultural Revolution