The series of steps used to connect an organism to a disease are known as
Koch's postulates
The microorganisms that are regularly found in or on the body, yet do not apparent harm are called
normal microbiota
the microorganisms that are occasionally found in or on the body are called
transient microbiota
a relationship in which one partner benefits and the other is harmed is termed
parasitism
which of the following is true about the role normal microbiota plays in maintaining host health?
-they produce antimicrobial substances
-they establish competition for nutrients and vitamins
-they provide a surface that is incompatible for attachment of an invade
-they stimulate the immune system
the composition of the normal microbiota may be affected by
-diet
-use of antibiotics
-hormonal changes
-obesity level
the first step in the establishment of infection is that the organism must
attach to host cells
the lack of susceptibility to diseases of other species in humans may be due to the
lack of receptors that are recognized by adherence factors
the chemical nature of endotoxins is that of a
lipopolysaccharide
which is sure about super antigens?
they are a type of exotoxin AND they bind the MHS class II antigen on T cells
The damage cause by parasites may be due to
-the direct digestion of host tissue
-the hosts immune response
-competition for nutrients
-the physical blocking of organs
the last case of naturally contracted smallpox occurred in
antigen or antibody
an immune complex is defined as
antigen combined with antibody
the number of cases of a specific disease per one hundred people exposed is called the
attack rate
the fraction of a population who die from a specific disease is called
mortality rate
a cluster of cases in a specific population occurring in a brief period of time is called a(n)
outbreak
important sources of contamination in crowded locations are
droplets of saliva or mucus
when an infectious disease cannot spread in a population because it lacks a significant number of susceptible hosts, the phenomenon is referred to as
herd immunity
the type of epidemiological study that determines the characteristics of the persons involved and the time and place of the outbreak is called a(n)
descriptive study
so far, the only disease that has been globally eradicated is
smallpox
an infection acquired during hospitalization is referred to as
nosocomial
the antimicrobials produced by some molds and bacteria are generally called
antibiotics
the rate of elimination of an antimicrobial is expressed as its
half-life
antimicrobials may produce
-allergic reactions
-suppression of normal microbiota
-toxic effects
the lowest concentration of drugs that prevents growth of a microorganism is the
minimum inhibitory concentration
bacteria may become antibiotic resistant due to
-alteration in the target molecule
-decreased uptake of the drug
-drug-inactivating enzymes
-increased elimination of the drug
the most common method of transfer of antimicrobial resistance is through the use of
r plasmids
which of the following bacteria have an innate resistance to penicillin?
mycoplasma
antibiotics that are most likely to disrupt the normal microbiota are termed
broad-spectrum
drugs that are most effective when taken together are called
synergistic
the first identified case in an outbreak is called the
index case
if the number of people who become ill during an epidemic rises and falls rapidly, this is a called a(n)
common source epidemic
if the number of people who become ill during an epidemic rises gradually, this is called a(n)
propagated epidemic
because of natural evolution of microorganisms, it is necessary to use techniques that allow distinguishing them at the level of
strain
the period of time between exposure to an agent and the onset of disease signs and symptoms is called the
incubation period
apparently healthy people who may transmit a pathogen they harbor are called
carriers
which of the following is considered a zoonotic disease?
plague
vertical transmission involves
pregnant woman to fetus
almost all of the antibodies found in a newborn are
the result of passive immunity
the chemical nature of exotoxins is that of a
protien
an example of genetic variation used in pathogen survival may be
changing the pilus type
bacteria may survive phagocytosis by
preventing fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome AND lysing the phagosome
which of the following factors is not considered important for the establishment of an infection
toxicity
typically, adhesins
are found in pili, help bacteria attach to host cells, AND are the protiens
growth of a parasitic organism in or on the host is referred to as
infection
a disease causing microorganism or virus is referred to as a(n)
pathogen
opportunists or opportunistic pathogens
take advantage of special circumstances
the suffix -emia means in the
blood
a more modern equivalent to Koch's postulates is termed
molecular postulates
newborn babies acquire microbiota by
-breastfeeding
-contact with mothers skin
-environment
-passing through the birth canal