Direct digital imaging
Method of obtaining a digital image, in which an intraoral sensor is exposed to x-radiation to capture a radiographic image that can be viewed on a computer monitor
Indirect digital imaging
Method of obtaining a digital image, in which a sensor is scanned following exposure to x-radiation and then converted into a digital form that can be viewed on a computer monitor.
Components used: intraoral dental x-ray unit, a PSP plate, a scanner, and
charge-coupled device (CCD)
solid-state silicon chip detector that converts light or x-ray photons into an electrical charge or signal
Bit-depth image
The number of possible gray-scale combinations per pixel
Pixel
small box into which electrons produce are deposited; discrete units of information
Analog image
radiographic image produced by conventional film
50-90% less exposure time than film
How much less is the exposure time of digital imaging compared to film?
Complimentary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
The technology used to manufacture microchips. These chips require less electricity, hold data longer after the electricity is turned off, and produces less heat than earlier technologies.
phosphorus sensors (PSP)
Similar in size, shape, & thickness; is reusable & placed in the mouth the same as intraoral film; used with a scanning device in intraoral digital imaging
scanning device for intraoral digital imaging
takes image off film & erases image afterwards & is reusable for about 50 times if it is not damaged
- superior resolution
- reduced x-radiation exposure
- increased speed of image viewing
- lower equipment and film cost
- increased efficiency
- ability to enhance
- effective patient tool
- eco-friendly
What are advantages of digital over traditional (film)?
Digital subtraction
A method of reversing the gray scale as a digital image is viewed.
- initial setup cost is high
- image quality is different
- sensor size and thickness
- infection control
- wear and tear
- legal issues (save the original)
What are disadvantages of digital over traditional (film)?
To examine large areas of the maxilla or mandible by:
- locating retained roots
- locating supernumerary teeth (extra tooth)
- locating foreign bodies/tumors/lesions
- evaluating sinuses
- evaluating fractures
- measuring changes
What is the purpose of the occlusal technique?
1. Topographic projection
2. Lateral (right or left) projection
3. Pediatric projection
What are the 3 maxillary occlusal projections?
Topographic projection (maxillary)
Used to examine the palate and the anterior teeth of the maxilla
+65
Lateral projection
Used to examine the palatal roots of molar teeth; also used to locate foreign bodies or lesions in the posterior maxilla
+60
Pediatric projection
Used to examine the anterior teeth of the maxilla, recommended for use in children 5 years old or younger
+60
1) Topographic projection
2) Cross-sectional projection
3) Pediatric projection
What are the 3 mandibular occlusal projections?
Topographic projection (mandibular)
used to examine the anterior teeth of the mandible
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Cross-sectional projection
Used to examine the buccal and lingual aspects of the mandible; also used to locate foreign bodies or salivary stones in the region of the floor of the mouth
90
Pediatric projection (mandibular)
Used to examine the anterior teeth of the mandible & is recommended for use in children 5 years or younger
-55
localization technique
A method used to locate the position of a tooth or an object in the jaws
localization buccal object rule
S-L-O-B rule:
Same = Lingual
Opposite = Buccal
anatomic order
refers to how teeth are arranged within the dental arches
1. Patients name
2. Date of exposure
3. DDS & radiographers name
What information should be on a mount?
Curve of Spee
The anterior- posterior anatomic curvature of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth; begins at the tip of the lower canine & follows the buccal cusps of the posterior teeth to the anterior border of the ramus; forms a smile
Labial mounting
A film mounting method in which radiographs are placed in the film mount with the raised side of the identification dot facing the viewer; the dental radiographer then views the radiographs from the labial aspect; preferred method
Lingual mounting
A film mounting method in which radiographs are placed in the film mount with the depressed side of the identification dot facing the viewer; the dental radiographer then views the radiographs from the lingual aspect.
1. Start with films on the LEFT side of the mount
2. Move horizontally to RIGHT side of the mount
3. Move down to mandibular periapicals on RIGHT side of mount
4. Move horizontally to LEFT side of mount
5. Move to bitewings, view from left to right
What is the order in viewing radiographs?
- incisive foramen
- lateral fossa
- median palatal suture
- nasal cavity
- superior foramina of incisive canal
What should be radiolucent on the anterior maxilla?
- anterior border of maxillary sinus
- anterior nasal spine
- floor of nasal cavity
- inferior nasal conchae
- inverted Y
- lateral wall of nasal fossa
- lipline
- nasal septum
- nasolabial groove
- soft tissue of nose
What should be radiopaque on the anterior maxilla?
- maxillary sinus
- nutrient canals in maxillary sinus
What should be radiolucent on the posterior maxilla?
- coronoid process
- hamular process
- inverted Y
- maxillary tuberosity
- sinus floor
- sinus septa
- soft tissue of nose
- nasolabial groove
- zygoma
- zygomatic process
What should be radiopaque on the posterior maxilla?
- lingual foramen
- mental fossa
- nutrient canals
What should be radiolucent on the anterior mandible?
- general tubercles
- inferior border of mandible
- mental ridge
What should be radiopaque on the anterior mandible?
- mandibular canal
- mental foramen
- submandibular fossa
What should be radiolucent on the posterior mandible?
- external oblique ridge
- interior border of mandible
- internal oblique ridge
- mylohyoid ridge
What should be radiopaque on the posterior mandible?
1. Start with the top LEFT side of mount
2. Move horizontally to the RIGHT side of mount
3. Move DOWN to the mandibular periapicals on the bottom right side of mount
4. Move horizontally to the LEFT bottom side of mount
5. Move to bite-wings and start fro
What is the order in reading a complete series mount?
cortical bone
dense-radiopaque solid bone that is also called compact bone
cancellous bone
soft, spongy, porous, bone that appears mostly radiolucent; bony trabeculae-filled with bone marrow
- process projections (coronoid process)
- rodge-linear projection (external oblique ridge)
- spine-sharp thorn-like (nasal spine)
- tubercle; small bump (genial tubercles)
- tuberosity; rounded area (maxillary tuberosity)
What are examples of bony prominences?
canal (e.g. mandibular canal)
tube that contains nerves/vessels
foamen (e.g. mental foramen)
opening for nerves/vessels
fossa (e.g. submandibular fossa)
scooped out area
sinus (e.g. maxillary sinus)
hollow space
septum (e.g. nasal septum)
partition or wall
suture (e.g. median palatine suture)
union of bones
amalgams
metal restoration that appears really dense (radiolucent)
Can be found: occlusal, MOD, MO, DO, buccal, lingual, and have overhangs
amalgam fragment tattoo
area of pigmentation on soft tissue due to the placement or removal of an amalgam restoration
gold crown
looks like an amalgam but has smoother margins or softer edges
stainless steel crown
type of crown that is meant to be temporary and usually will see more in kids
A gold crown is more dense
Which is more dense, a stainless steel crown or a gold crown?
post and core
It is often placed after a root canal treatment to stabilize the tooth
a little white line
What will you see on an xray in place for porcelain crowns?
Porcelian fused to metal crown
restoration that appears to look dense on a crown of a tooth with a not so dense outline
Composite restoration
Tooth colored filling that is not as dense as metal amalgams
base material
used to protect the pulp when a restoration is deep and close to it; is a little less radiopaque than an amalgam
metallic pins
used for stabilization in the cavity of a tooth
gutta percha
root canal material that is rubber-like and fills canals
silver points
root canal material that is more radiopaque than the rubber-like material that fills canals
prosthodontics diatorics
metal pins that help keep dentures on
interproximal caries
caries between two teeth; typically apical of the contact area
incipient interproximal caries
caries that extend less than halfway through the enamel.
moderate interproximal caries
caries that extend more than halfway through the thickness of enamel but does not involve the DEJ
advanced interproximal caries
caries that extend to or through the DEJ and into the dentin but does not extend through dentin more than half the distance toward the pulp.
severe interproximal caries
caries that extend through the enamel, through dentin, and more than half the distance toward the pulp
occlusal, buccal, and lingual caries except for severe
caries that are typically not seen on a dental image and the best method of detection is clinically
root surface caries
not classified as severe or moderate carie and is typically on exposed root
recurrent caries
caries under restorations
rampant caries
caries that are typically on more than one tooth; spreading
cervical burnout
can look like a carie but is due to the difference in density of tissues; around neck of tooth
attrition
wearing on incisals or occlusals and can sometimes look like a carie on a dental xray
abrasion
wearing from a foreign object due to friction and can sometimes look like a carie on a dental xray
periodontium
periodontal ligament space that appears radiolucent and is continuous around the tooth
Horizontal bone loss
bone loss parallel to a line between CEJs of adjacent teeth
vertical bone loss
uneven loss of bone; triangular and usually adjacent to one tooth
furcation involvement
bone loss between the roots of multi-rooted teeth
fuzzier crest
More advanced periodontal disease may appear to have a _____ on a dental xray.
wing-like structures
Periodontal disease with heavy calculus m appear to have _____ on a dental xray.
intrusion and partial avulsion
a sunk in or stuck out tooth usually due to trauma
physiological resorption
a process seen with the normal shedding of primary teeth; normal
pathological resorption
destruction of root caused by trauma, re-implanted teeth, chronic inflammation, cysts, or any idiopathic condition; abnormal
sclerosis
calcification (hardening) of the pulp chamber usually associated with aging
obliteration
tooth death usually due to trauma; pulp is being destroyed
pulp stones
Small, dentin like calcifications in the pulp.
condensing osteitis
radiopaque lesion at apex of inflamed tooth; non-vital tooth
sclerotic bone
well-defined radiopacity seen below the apices of vital, noncarious teeth
hypercementosis
excessive production of cellular cementum caused from trauma, inflammation, or any idiopathic condition