cells
the basic units from which living organisms are made
-Small, membrane-enclosed units that consist of an aqueous solution of organic molecules
dividing into two
Haver the ability to create copies of themselves by growing and __
single
The simplest forms of life consist of a __ cell
-performs all functions of life
many
More advanced/higher organisms consist of __ cells
-Different cell types perform different functions
cell biology
study of cell structure, function, and behavior
size, shape, and function
cell vary in __, __, and __
frog egg
The largest cell type is the __
0.1mm long
smallest objects that the unaided human eye can see are
about
3.72x 10^13 cells (37 trillion)
The current estimate is that an adult human contains about
movement, location, and function
In some cases, the shape of the cell can change depending upon __, __, __
chemical
Cells are diverse in their __ requirements needed for survival and function
functions
The differences in size, shape, and chemical requirements relates
to cells having different __
39 feet
Nerve cells in especially long animals, such as the Giant Squid and Colossal Squid, may be as long as __
4.9 feet (1.5 m)
In humans, the longest nerve cells are about __, running from the base of the spine to the toes
axons
Nerve cells have very long __, enabling the brain to send signals to distant limbs almost instantly
basic chemistry
cell have similar__
chemical make-up / chemical reactions
Although the cells of all living things vary in appearance and function, they are very similar in __ and perform similar __
central dogma of biology
The molecules and reactions involved in the flow of genetic information is the same regardless of the cell/ organism
mRNA / protein
DNA is transcribed into __, and it is translated into __
nucleotides
All cells/living organisms use the same set of 4 __ to make their DNA/RNA
how many
What will vary in DNA/RNA molecule is __ of each nucleotide is present and their sequence or order
proteins
The __ that a cell makes will give it its' unique appearance, behavior and function
amino acids
All cells/living organisms use the same main set of 20 __ to make their proteins
genome
All the of the DNA that makes up a cell is called the __
genetic blueprint
The cells genome is the __ for that cell and ultimately, the whole organism
egg cell
All cells in your body ultimately originated from a single fertilized __, and thus contain the same DNA/genetic blueprint
cellular differentiation
The DNA directs the growth, development and specificity of the cell thru a process known as __
microscope
Our understanding about cell structure and function comes from technology and the invention of the __
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
__is considered to be the father of microscopy.
-Invented the light microscope
-first to see and describe bacteria, yeast, the plethora of life in a drop of water, and blood circulation in capillaries.
Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
__ is considered to be the English father of microscopy
-Termed "cell"
-re-confirmed Leeuwenhoek's discoveries
-improved upon Leeuwenhoek's design
monks
The term "cell" being suggested by the resemblance of plant cells to the rooms (or cells) of where __ lived in the monastery
Matthias Schleiden /Theodore Schwann
Using the light microscope, __ published in 1838 that all plants are made of cells and in 1839, __ published that all animals are made of cells
cells
Suggested that __ were the universal building blocks of all living organisms
Cell Theory
basis of this theory is that all living cells are formed by the growth and division of preexisting cells
Louis Pasteur
__ ruled out the idea that organisms do not arise spontaneously, but are generated from existing organisms
stain
Cells are transparent and colorless, so various dyes are used to "__" various parts of cells and make them easier to see with the aid of the microscope
0.275 micrometers
A light microscope cannot be used to distinguish objects that are smaller than half the wavelength of light, which is __
shorter wavelength
To see tiny particles under a microscope, scientists must bypass light altogether and use a different sort of "illumination," one with a __
electron
__ microscopes use beams of electrons (instead of light) as the source of illumination
electrons
Beams of fast-moving __ are focused on a cell and are absorbed or scattered by the cell's parts so as to form an image on an electron-sensitive photographic plate
Transmission electron microscope
__: beam of electrons is used to visualize fine detail of the internal components of the cells
Scanning electron microscope
__: electrons are scattered off the surface of cell to visual cell surface detail
Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska
Electron microscope co-invented by Germans, __ and __ in 1931
10 angstroms / 1 million
Most electron microscopes used to study biological material can "see" down to about __ / magnify objects up to __ times
living specimen
All electron microscopes suffer from a serious drawback; no __ can survive the electron beams, and thus they cannot show the ever-changing movements that characterize a living cell
prokaryotic (before nucleus)
__ organisms are made up of a single cell.
�Examples include bacteria, blue-green algae and members of the Domain Archaea.
�Most diverse and numerous organisms on the plane
prokaryotes
Characterized by the absence of a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
�Contain a single DNA molecule found in a circular form
eukaryotic
Many __ organisms are multi-cellular.
�Examples include humans, animals, plants, fungi, but also some single-celled organisms such as the protists (algae, paramecium, and molds)
eukaryotes
Characterized by the presence of a distinct, membrane-bound
(enclosed) nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
�Contain many DNA molecules found in a linear form.
nucleus
location of DNA and chromosomes
-The information store of the cell
nucleoli
found within the nucleus; location of ribosome synthesis.
ribosomes
helps assemble polypeptides during protein synthesis
mitochondria
site of ATP synthesis (chemical form of energy used by cells)
chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis in plants and algae
mitochondria and chloroplasts
Both __ and __ contain their own DNA
endoplasmic reticulum
makes and modifies newly synthesized polypeptides (rough ER) and synthesizes lipids (smooth ER) for membranes
golgi apparatus
modifies polypeptides, and sorts and ships proteins and lipids for either secretion or for use inside the cell
vesicles
functions such as transport, storage, digestion
lysosomes
break down molecules, foreign material, and old/ damaged organelles (i.e. intracellular digestion)
peroxisomes
break down toxic substances utilizing H2O2
Transport vesicles:
transport materials between organelles
cytosol
The region outside of the organelles but inside the plasma membrane
cytoplasm
-refers to the whole region inside of the plasma membrane (included both cytosol and organelles)
cytosol
Many chemical reactions occur in the __
cytoskeleton
-confers shape to cells and aids in the internal organization of the cell, allows for movement of cells and internal structures
ancestor
All cells are thought to be descended from a common __, whose fundamental properties have been conserved through evolution
model organism
A __ is typically a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
__ is the most commonly used model organism
E. Coli
Small rod-shaped bacterium. Has a long history of laboratory culture and ease of manipulation.
-Easy to work with, cheap, quick...
- was one of the first organisms to have its genome sequenced (in 1997)