Cell Biology - Exam 1 - Ch 1

cells

the basic units from which living organisms are made
-Small, membrane-enclosed units that consist of an aqueous solution of organic molecules

dividing into two

Haver the ability to create copies of themselves by growing and __

single

The simplest forms of life consist of a __ cell
-performs all functions of life

many

More advanced/higher organisms consist of __ cells
-Different cell types perform different functions

cell biology

study of cell structure, function, and behavior

size, shape, and function

cell vary in __, __, and __

frog egg

The largest cell type is the __

0.1mm long

smallest objects that the unaided human eye can see are
about

3.72x 10^13 cells (37 trillion)

The current estimate is that an adult human contains about

movement, location, and function

In some cases, the shape of the cell can change depending upon __, __, __

chemical

Cells are diverse in their __ requirements needed for survival and function

functions

The differences in size, shape, and chemical requirements relates
to cells having different __

39 feet

Nerve cells in especially long animals, such as the Giant Squid and Colossal Squid, may be as long as __

4.9 feet (1.5 m)

In humans, the longest nerve cells are about __, running from the base of the spine to the toes

axons

Nerve cells have very long __, enabling the brain to send signals to distant limbs almost instantly

basic chemistry

cell have similar__

chemical make-up / chemical reactions

Although the cells of all living things vary in appearance and function, they are very similar in __ and perform similar __

central dogma of biology

The molecules and reactions involved in the flow of genetic information is the same regardless of the cell/ organism

mRNA / protein

DNA is transcribed into __, and it is translated into __

nucleotides

All cells/living organisms use the same set of 4 __ to make their DNA/RNA

how many

What will vary in DNA/RNA molecule is __ of each nucleotide is present and their sequence or order

proteins

The __ that a cell makes will give it its' unique appearance, behavior and function

amino acids

All cells/living organisms use the same main set of 20 __ to make their proteins

genome

All the of the DNA that makes up a cell is called the __

genetic blueprint

The cells genome is the __ for that cell and ultimately, the whole organism

egg cell

All cells in your body ultimately originated from a single fertilized __, and thus contain the same DNA/genetic blueprint

cellular differentiation

The DNA directs the growth, development and specificity of the cell thru a process known as __

microscope

Our understanding about cell structure and function comes from technology and the invention of the __

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

__is considered to be the father of microscopy.
-Invented the light microscope
-first to see and describe bacteria, yeast, the plethora of life in a drop of water, and blood circulation in capillaries.

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

__ is considered to be the English father of microscopy
-Termed "cell"
-re-confirmed Leeuwenhoek's discoveries
-improved upon Leeuwenhoek's design

monks

The term "cell" being suggested by the resemblance of plant cells to the rooms (or cells) of where __ lived in the monastery

Matthias Schleiden /Theodore Schwann

Using the light microscope, __ published in 1838 that all plants are made of cells and in 1839, __ published that all animals are made of cells

cells

Suggested that __ were the universal building blocks of all living organisms

Cell Theory

basis of this theory is that all living cells are formed by the growth and division of preexisting cells

Louis Pasteur

__ ruled out the idea that organisms do not arise spontaneously, but are generated from existing organisms

stain

Cells are transparent and colorless, so various dyes are used to "__" various parts of cells and make them easier to see with the aid of the microscope

0.275 micrometers

A light microscope cannot be used to distinguish objects that are smaller than half the wavelength of light, which is __

shorter wavelength

To see tiny particles under a microscope, scientists must bypass light altogether and use a different sort of "illumination," one with a __

electron

__ microscopes use beams of electrons (instead of light) as the source of illumination

electrons

Beams of fast-moving __ are focused on a cell and are absorbed or scattered by the cell's parts so as to form an image on an electron-sensitive photographic plate

Transmission electron microscope

__: beam of electrons is used to visualize fine detail of the internal components of the cells

Scanning electron microscope

__: electrons are scattered off the surface of cell to visual cell surface detail

Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska

Electron microscope co-invented by Germans, __ and __ in 1931

10 angstroms / 1 million

Most electron microscopes used to study biological material can "see" down to about __ / magnify objects up to __ times

living specimen

All electron microscopes suffer from a serious drawback; no __ can survive the electron beams, and thus they cannot show the ever-changing movements that characterize a living cell

prokaryotic (before nucleus)

__ organisms are made up of a single cell.
�Examples include bacteria, blue-green algae and members of the Domain Archaea.
�Most diverse and numerous organisms on the plane

prokaryotes

Characterized by the absence of a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
�Contain a single DNA molecule found in a circular form

eukaryotic

Many __ organisms are multi-cellular.
�Examples include humans, animals, plants, fungi, but also some single-celled organisms such as the protists (algae, paramecium, and molds)

eukaryotes

Characterized by the presence of a distinct, membrane-bound
(enclosed) nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
�Contain many DNA molecules found in a linear form.

nucleus

location of DNA and chromosomes
-The information store of the cell

nucleoli

found within the nucleus; location of ribosome synthesis.

ribosomes

helps assemble polypeptides during protein synthesis

mitochondria

site of ATP synthesis (chemical form of energy used by cells)

chloroplasts

site of photosynthesis in plants and algae

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Both __ and __ contain their own DNA

endoplasmic reticulum

makes and modifies newly synthesized polypeptides (rough ER) and synthesizes lipids (smooth ER) for membranes

golgi apparatus

modifies polypeptides, and sorts and ships proteins and lipids for either secretion or for use inside the cell

vesicles

functions such as transport, storage, digestion

lysosomes

break down molecules, foreign material, and old/ damaged organelles (i.e. intracellular digestion)

peroxisomes

break down toxic substances utilizing H2O2

Transport vesicles:

transport materials between organelles

cytosol

The region outside of the organelles but inside the plasma membrane

cytoplasm

-refers to the whole region inside of the plasma membrane (included both cytosol and organelles)

cytosol

Many chemical reactions occur in the __

cytoskeleton

-confers shape to cells and aids in the internal organization of the cell, allows for movement of cells and internal structures

ancestor

All cells are thought to be descended from a common __, whose fundamental properties have been conserved through evolution

model organism

A __ is typically a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

__ is the most commonly used model organism

E. Coli

Small rod-shaped bacterium. Has a long history of laboratory culture and ease of manipulation.
-Easy to work with, cheap, quick...
- was one of the first organisms to have its genome sequenced (in 1997)