____ uses a light microscope with an optical component to take advantage of the different refractive indexes of light passing through different regions of the cell.
phase contrast
______ employs a light microscope and requires that samples be fixed and stained in order to reveal cellular details.
bright field
____ requires the use of two sets of filters. The first filter narrows the wavelength range that reaches the specimen and the second blocks out all wavelengths that pass back up to the eyepiece except for those emitted by the dye in the sample.
fluorescence
____ scans the specimen with a focused laser beam to obtain a series of two-dimensional optical sections, which can be used to reconstruct an image of the specimen in three-dimensions. The laser excites a fluorescent dye molecule, and the emitted light fr
confocal
____ has the ability to resolve cellular components a small as 2 nm.
transmission electron
____ requires coating the sample with a thin layer of a heavy metal to produce three-dimensional images of the surface of a sample.
scanning electron
Cell size is generally within the ___________ size range
micrometer
__________ are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. These chemicals are both generated and broken down in the same location.
peroxisomes
What unit of length would you generally use to measure a typical human cell?
micrometers
An ionic bond between two atoms is a transient bond formed as a result of electron transfer. What processes in the cell are modulated by the length and strength of these non-covalent bonds?
3d structure and interactions between macromolecules
Chemical reactions carried out by living systems depend on the ability of some organisms to capture and use atoms from nonliving sources in the environment. The specific subset of these reactions that breakdown nutrients in food can be described as ______
catabolic
The nerve cell (______) has branching processes to communicate with 100,000 other neurons.
cerebellum
Paramecium ______ common in pond scum studied for its ability to move using its _____
protozoan, cilia
Bacteria uses its _____ to propel itself
flagellum
Transmission electron microscopy can resolve down to ____ molecules.
2
_____: catalyses the production of translation; they "they make all the new proteins needed to keep the city working
ribosomes
____: most diverse of all cells, domains are Bacteria & Archaea. Can adapt to metabolize any material.
prokaryotes
_____: cells that have a nucleus, membrane bound organelles, Yeast is the most simple out of these.
eukaryotes
____: the power plant; generating the energy needed for the cell to grow and divide. the most abundant organelle in the cell. Theu oxidate food molecules to generate ATP (cellular energy currency) "cellular respiration". Contain their own DNA and reproduc
mitochondria
______: highway of the cell. forms an array of interconnected tracts which are involved in moving proteins around the cell, remember proteins are the functional units the "people" that do all the work
endoplasmic reticulum
____: involved in packaging and modifying proteins in the cells that are destined to be secreted "sent out" of the cell or sent to different locations in the cell.
golgi body
____: waste disposal system. break down food and release back to cell, and break down waste for recycling or excretion.
lysosomes
____: the site of most of the chemical reactions in the cells .
cytosol
Three types of cytoskeleton:
a) ____: (____)
b) ____: (____)
c) ____: (____)
actin, thin, microtubules, thicker hollow tubes, intermediate filaments, cross hatch
Cytoskeleton is involved in:
the cells 3d structure, cell division and the correct division of chromosomes
_____: ER coated with ribosomes making proteins that need to be secreted.
_____: involved in lipid synthesis.
rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum
___: Genetic instructions are contained in a single, circular, double-stranded molecule of DNA, about 4.6 million nucelotides long and makes 4300 different kinds of proteins.
E. Coli
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: _______.
model eukaryote. single cell fungus.
Common wall cress: ______.
Produces thousands of offspring in 8-10 weeks, complete DNA sequence is known.
______: more than any other organism, has shown us how to trace the chain of cause and effect from genetic instructions encoded in the DNA to the structure of the adult multicellular organism.
drosophila
____: transparent for the first two weeks of its life.
zebra fish
____ are the functional units of cellular life
proteins
During a condensation reaction: _____ is ____ as bonds ____
water expelled form
During a hydrolysis reaction: ____ is ____ as bonds ____.
water absorbed break
Fatty acids have a long ______ that is unreactive and ______. But they also have a _____ that is chemically reactive and _____. Fatty acids are considered _____.
hydrocarbon chain, hydrophillic, carboxyl group, hydrophobic, Amphipathic
Fatty acids make ____ and these make up _____.
lipids, membranes
Lipids are comprised of a hydrophilic head that contains: ____ ____ ___, and a hydrophobic tail that contains ___ ___ ___ ___.
polar group, phosphate, glycerol, two fatty acid tails
_____ molecules contain three fatty acids joined by a glycerol molecule. They have 6 x the energy in glucose. The two types of these are ____ (no double bonds- ex- meats and dairy) and ____ (contain at least one double bond- ex- olive oil, corn oil).
Triacylglycerol, saturated, unsaturated
Proteins: polymers of ____ ____.
amino acids
_____: covalent linkage between adjacent amino acids in protein chain
peptide bond
The structural polarity of the polypeptide chain goes from _____ (_____) to _____ (_____).
n-terminus, amino, c-terminus, carboxyl
The second law of thermodynamics states that: Universe, or any isolated system, the degree of disorder can only ____. Movement toward disorder is ____ and requires effort to _____ it
increase, spontaneous, reverse
____: measure of a systems disorder. ____ is energy in its most disordered form.
entropy, heat
_____ determine how atoms interact.
electrons
Atomic weight: _______ also known as ______.
number of protons and neutrons, molecular weight
Glycolysis makes: ___, ___, ___.
The reverse of this process is called _____.
2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, gluconeogenesis,
1 mole of a substance will contain _____ molecules of that particular substance.
6 x 10^23
Which four elements make up 96.5% of living organisms weight?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
A positive charge concentrated toward one end of the molecule and negative charge toward the other end: _____.
polar covalent bond
Hydrogen bonds are weaker than ___ bonds and last a very short time.
covalent
Bond strength determind by bond: ___, ___, ___.
length, angles, energies
____: joining by chemical bonds
polymerization
Chloroplasts resemble mitochondrian with these cell parts:
inner membrane, outer membrane, intermembrane space, DNA, ribosomes
base:
nitrogen containing aromatic ring
glycosidic:
linkage between the sugar and the base
nuceloside:
sugar unit linked to a base
nucleotide:
sugar linked to a base and a phosphate
deoxyribose:
five carbon sugar found in DNA
phosphoester bond:
the linkage between the five prime sugar hydroxyl and a phosphate group
ribose:
five carbon sugar found in RNA
phosphodiester bond:
the linkage between two nucleotides
the site of the core genome
nucleus
site of protein synthesis ready for cellular distribution
rough endoplasmic reticulum
modification of packing and proteins for secretion
golgi apparatus
recycling of intracellular materials
lysosomes
oxidative phosphorylation
mitochondria
carbon fixation
chloroplasts
containment of toxic reactions
peroxisomes
site of protein synthesis that contains the majority of metabolic pathways
cytosol
All amino acids contain ____ and ____.
nh2, COOH
On a diet consisting of nothing but protein, what is the likely outcome?
excretion of more nitrogenous wastes
The link between bond-forming reactions and membrane transport processes in the mitochondria is called: ______.
chemiosmotic coupling
Two organelles that likely evolved from an ancient symbiotic relationship between eukaryotes and bacteria are:
chloroplasts, mitochondria
Viruses cannot replicate without a ____.
host