Anaphase
third sage of mitosis, chromatids are separated and pulled to the centrosomes
Asexual reproduction
creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent
autosome
a chromosome not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism
benign tumor
an abnormal mass of cells that remains art its original site in the body
cancer
a malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division
cell cycle
an ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a eukaryotic cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells
cell cycle control system
a cyclically operating set of proteins that triggers and coordinates events in the eukaryotic cell cycle
cell division
the reproduction of a cell
cell plate
a membranous disk that forms across the midline of a dividing plant cell
centromere
the region of a chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined and where spindle microtubules attach during meiosis and mitosis
centrosome
material in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that gives rise to microtubules
chemotherapy
treatment for cancer in which drugs are administered to disrupt cell division of the cancer cells
chiasma
the microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis
chromatin
the combination of DNA and proteins that constitutes chromosomes
chromosome
a gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and is most visible during meiosis and mitosis
cleavage furrow
the first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell
crossing over
when the chromosome cross over each other
cytokinesis
the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
diploid
containing two sets of chromosomes in each cell, referring to a 2n cell
down syndrome
a human genetic disorder resulting from a condition called trisomy 21
fertilization
the union of a haploid sperm cell with a haploid egg, producing a zygote
gamete
a sex cell
genetic recombination
the production of offspring with gene combinations that differ from that found in either parent
haploid
containing a single set of chromosomes, referring to an n cell
histone
a small protein molecule associated with DNA and important in DNA packing in the eukaryotic chromosome
homologous chromosome
the two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell
interphase
normal cell functioning and preparation for division,
the phase contains, G1, S, and G2
karyotype
a display of micrographs of the metaphase chromosomes of a cell, arranged by size and centromere position
life cycle
the entire sequence of stages in the life of an organism
malignant tumor
an abnormal tissue mass that spreads into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body, a cancerous tumor
meiosis
in a sexually reproducing organism, the process of cell division that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells within reproductive organs
metaphase
second stage of mitosis, chromosomes are pulled to the middle
metastasis
the spread of cancer cells beyond their original cancer site
mitosis
the division of a single nucleus into tow genetically identical daughter nuclei
mitotic (M) phase
the phase of the cell cycle when mitosis divides the nucleus and distributes its chromosomes to the daughter nuclei and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells
mitotic spindle
a spindle-shaped structure formed of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
nucleosome
the bead-like unit of DNA packing in a eukaryotic cell
nondisjunction
an accident of meiosis or mitosis in which a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate at anaphase
prophase
first phase of mitosis, where the nuclear embryo dissolves, chromosomes condense, centrosomes migrate, and the spindle forms
radiation therapy
treatment for cancer in which parts parts of the body that have cancerous tumors are exposed to high-energy to disrupt cell division of the cancer cells
sex chromosome
a chromosome that determines whether an individual is male or female
sexual reproduction
the operation of genetically distinct offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells
sister chromatid
one of the two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome
somatic cell
a body cell
telophase
fourth stage or mitosis, reverse prophase and formation of two new nuclei
trisomy 21
the presence of an extra chromosome
tumor
an abnormal mass of cells that forms within otherwise normal tissue
zygote
the fertilized egg