microbiology chapter 1

germ

rapidly growing cell

microorganism

organisms that are to small to be seen with the unaided eye

Ex. of Microorganisms

bacteria, fungi, protists, algae, and viruses

disease and infections, food spoilage, food chain, decomposers, photosynthesis, commercial application,and food industry

effects of microbes

10 to 1

bacteria outnumber cells

pathogenic- disease causing

a few microbes are

Photosynthesis

microbes are producers in the ecosystem by

organic waste

microbes decompose

industrial chemicals like ethanol and acetone

microbes produce

fermented- vinegar, cheese, and bread

microbes produce _ foods

manufacturing and treatment

microbes produce products used in

Scientific Nomenclature

carlos linnaeus established the system of

genus and specific epithet

Each organism has two names:

genus

which name is captialized

species

which is name is lowercase

Staphylococcus aureus

example

prokaryotic

bacteria are

prokaryote

lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles- simplest organisms

peptidoglycan

bacteria cell walls

binary fission

Bacteria reproduce by

organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis

bacteria get energy by

bacillus, coccus, and spirillus

bacteria shapes

bacillus

Rod shaped bacteria

coccus

sphere shaped bacteria

spirillus

spiral shaped bacteria

prokaryotic

archaea are

peptidoglycal

archaea lack

extreme enviroments

archaea live in

Methanogens

produce methane gas- found in sewer treatment plants

extreme halophiles

live in salty enviroments- found in dead sea

extreme thermophiles

found in volcanic vents

eukaryotes

fungi are

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

chitin

fungi cell walls

organic compounds- decomposers

fungi use _ for energy

molds and mushrooms

are multicelluar, consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae

eukaryotes

protozoa are

absorb or ingest organic chemicals

protozoa

motile via pseudopods,cilia, or flagella

protozoa may be

eukaryotic

algae are

cellulose

algae cell walls

Photosynthesis

algae use __ for energy

molecular oxygen and organic compounds

algae produce

acellular

viruses are

dna or rna core

viruses consist of

protein coat

core may be surrounded by a

lipid envelope

coat may be enclosed by a

they are in a host cell

viruses are replicated only when

eukaryotes

multi cellular animal parasites are

helminths

parasitic flat worms and roundworms

microscopic

parasites have __ stages in life cycles

robert hook

in 1665 _ reported that living things were composed of little boxes, or cells

rudolf virchow

in 1868 __ said all living things arise from preexisting cells

cell theory

all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells

the first on earth

ancestors of bacteria were

1673

The first microbes were observed in

robert koch

demonstrated that a specific microorganism is the cause of a specific disease

3.5 billion years old

age of bacteria

4.6 billion years old

age of earth

spontaneous generation

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life

biogenesis

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life

Louis Pasteur

experiment with s shaped flask that keeps microbes out but lets air in

fermentation

the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine- yeast and bread

pasteurization

the application of a high heat for a short time- milk

Germ Theory of Disease

microorganisms cause disease

edward jenner

in 1796 person who created the first vaccine- inoculated person w/ smallpox vaccine and they were they protected

vacca (cow)

vaccination is derived from

immunity

Protection against a certain disease

chemotherapy

treatment with chemicals

synthetic drugs or antibiotics

chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be

fleming

1928 discovered penicillin

1940

penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced

bacteriology

study of bacteria

mycology

study of fungi

virology

study of viruses

parasitology

study of protozoa and parasitic worms

microbial genetics

the study of how microbes inherit traits

molecular bio

the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis

genomics

the study of genomes

Recombinant DNA

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

genetic code is universal

prior to recombinant dna people used cow or pig insulin because

gene therapy

missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced

genetically modified bacteria

are used to protect crops from insects and from freezing

flora

bacteria were once classified as plants, giving rise to use of the term __ for microbes

microbiota

the term flora has been replaced by

normal microbiota

microbes normally present in and on the human body