germ
rapidly growing cell
microorganism
organisms that are to small to be seen with the unaided eye
Ex. of Microorganisms
bacteria, fungi, protists, algae, and viruses
disease and infections, food spoilage, food chain, decomposers, photosynthesis, commercial application,and food industry
effects of microbes
10 to 1
bacteria outnumber cells
pathogenic- disease causing
a few microbes are
Photosynthesis
microbes are producers in the ecosystem by
organic waste
microbes decompose
industrial chemicals like ethanol and acetone
microbes produce
fermented- vinegar, cheese, and bread
microbes produce _ foods
manufacturing and treatment
microbes produce products used in
Scientific Nomenclature
carlos linnaeus established the system of
genus and specific epithet
Each organism has two names:
genus
which name is captialized
species
which is name is lowercase
Staphylococcus aureus
example
prokaryotic
bacteria are
prokaryote
lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles- simplest organisms
peptidoglycan
bacteria cell walls
binary fission
Bacteria reproduce by
organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
bacteria get energy by
bacillus, coccus, and spirillus
bacteria shapes
bacillus
Rod shaped bacteria
coccus
sphere shaped bacteria
spirillus
spiral shaped bacteria
prokaryotic
archaea are
peptidoglycal
archaea lack
extreme enviroments
archaea live in
Methanogens
produce methane gas- found in sewer treatment plants
extreme halophiles
live in salty enviroments- found in dead sea
extreme thermophiles
found in volcanic vents
eukaryotes
fungi are
Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
chitin
fungi cell walls
organic compounds- decomposers
fungi use _ for energy
molds and mushrooms
are multicelluar, consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
eukaryotes
protozoa are
absorb or ingest organic chemicals
protozoa
motile via pseudopods,cilia, or flagella
protozoa may be
eukaryotic
algae are
cellulose
algae cell walls
Photosynthesis
algae use __ for energy
molecular oxygen and organic compounds
algae produce
acellular
viruses are
dna or rna core
viruses consist of
protein coat
core may be surrounded by a
lipid envelope
coat may be enclosed by a
they are in a host cell
viruses are replicated only when
eukaryotes
multi cellular animal parasites are
helminths
parasitic flat worms and roundworms
microscopic
parasites have __ stages in life cycles
robert hook
in 1665 _ reported that living things were composed of little boxes, or cells
rudolf virchow
in 1868 __ said all living things arise from preexisting cells
cell theory
all living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells
the first on earth
ancestors of bacteria were
1673
The first microbes were observed in
robert koch
demonstrated that a specific microorganism is the cause of a specific disease
3.5 billion years old
age of bacteria
4.6 billion years old
age of earth
spontaneous generation
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life
biogenesis
the hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life
Louis Pasteur
experiment with s shaped flask that keeps microbes out but lets air in
fermentation
the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine- yeast and bread
pasteurization
the application of a high heat for a short time- milk
Germ Theory of Disease
microorganisms cause disease
edward jenner
in 1796 person who created the first vaccine- inoculated person w/ smallpox vaccine and they were they protected
vacca (cow)
vaccination is derived from
immunity
Protection against a certain disease
chemotherapy
treatment with chemicals
synthetic drugs or antibiotics
chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be
fleming
1928 discovered penicillin
1940
penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced
bacteriology
study of bacteria
mycology
study of fungi
virology
study of viruses
parasitology
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
microbial genetics
the study of how microbes inherit traits
molecular bio
the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
genomics
the study of genomes
Recombinant DNA
DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
genetic code is universal
prior to recombinant dna people used cow or pig insulin because
gene therapy
missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced
genetically modified bacteria
are used to protect crops from insects and from freezing
flora
bacteria were once classified as plants, giving rise to use of the term __ for microbes
microbiota
the term flora has been replaced by
normal microbiota
microbes normally present in and on the human body