Pre-moral period dates
Ancient-Renaissance
800 BC-1700 AD
View of Mental Health During Ancient Period (800 B.C.-1 AD)
- mental illness was caused by gods, beyond control of mortals
- Hippocrates disagreed with this theory, said people with mental health illness had "caught the illness"
- i.e. epilepsy called humors
- Rome: neglected and mistreated mentally ill b/c were s
View of Mental Health during Medieval period (1000-1300 AD)
- early medieval: thought mental health disease caused by demons, healing done by witch doctors
- church recognized the body (soma) and the soul (psyche) as an arena for battle
- Tx: were incarcerated by chains and dungeons and confined from community.
-
View of Mental Health during Renaissance (1300-1600)
- 13th century miracle cure in Gheel, Belgium
- sent to seek cure from patron saint of mentally ill (Saint Dymphna)
Moral (Humanistic) period dates
Colonial-Institutionalizaiton
1700s-1900s
View of Mental Health during Moral Humanistic period: 1700s
- scientific investigation of mental health began
- Phillipe Pinel, French Medical director of a prison, decided to opt for more humane treatment and had chains removed, classified symptoms, and involved them in activities
- Benjamin Rush (physician at PA
View of Mental Health during the Moral Humanistic Period 1800s
- period of Institutionalization: forced confinement of individuals for long periods of time in large facilities
- Dorothea Dix influenced the building of large state institutions (state hospitals) for mentally ill
View of Mental Health during Moral Humanistic Period 1900s
- Freud believed mental illness was psychological in origin: due to disturbed personality development and faulty parenting
- Freud introduced psychoanalysis: therapy that focused on repairing the trauma of the original psychological injury
- established c
mental health from 1917-1930s
Somatic therapies (ECT, insulin shock, lobotomies) expanded role of psychiatric nurse
Mental health from 1935-Depression Era
- Social Security Act created
- Federal Aid provided to blind, children, and elderly
- shifted care of ill people from state to federal government
Mental Health from 1940s-WWII
1.7 million Americans excused from military service due to mental illness or related reasons
National Mental Health Act
- Established the NIMH
NIMH purpose
- explore causes and tx. for mental disorders
- provide federal funds for training professionals in mental health field
Mental Health Study Act
- Created Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health
- recommended shift of patient populations from state hospital systems to community health system
- bringing mentally ill back into community instead of institutionalization for tx, support, and reha
Thorazine and Mental Health
- first psychotropic drug discovered
- became possible to control symptoms of mental illness
- patients responsive to communication led to fewer restraints (were calmer)
Who was Linda Richards?
- 1st American Psychiatric Nurse
- Assessed physical and emotional needs of patient
- improved nursing care in U.S. state mental hospitals
Who was Harriet Bailey?
Created first psychiatric nursing textbook
Who was Hildegarde Peplau?
- Expanded role of psychiatric nurse by outlining scope of practice
- Wrote "Interpersonal Relations in Nursing" that gave first systematic theoretical framework for psychiatric nursing
McLean Aslyum, MA
- 1st school for psychiatric nurses created by Linda Richards
- trained nurses how to provide physical care to patients with mental disorders with medical illness
What does Modern Psychiatric Nursing look like today?
- uses evidence based practice and nursing expertise
- is a problem solving approach using best practices
- integrates patient preferences and values
Community Mental Health Act
- enacted by President Kennedy
- made mental health care a right for everyone
- Opened the doors of state institutions, which resulted in deinstitutionalization - mass exodus into the community
Medicare and Medicaid
- created increased access to care
- provided federal subsidy to health care
Developmental Disabilities Act
- focused on rights and treatment of people with developmental disabilities
- provided a foundation for people with mental disorders
Presidents commission on Mental Health
- supported community mental health centers
- provided insurance for mentally ill and protection of human rights
Mental Health Systems Act
- signed by President Carter
- established federal government role in services for children, elderly, minorities, and chronically mentally ill
- provided comprehensive mental health care for all
Mental Health Systems Act Repealed
- repealed by Reagan
- cut funding for psych and social services
- idea was fewer services = fewer economic constraints
What happened in 1985 that was important for mental health services
NIMH/NIH established the NINR
Decade of the Brain 1990s
- Brain imaging techniques to map the brain: CT, MRI, Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
- Neurobiological theories of mental illness: more than 100 different transmitters; dopamine, serotonin, norepinep
How do psychotropic drugs work?
manipulate the processes of neurotransmitter production and absorption to reestablish normal neurochemical balance
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)
- nursing home reform initiative
- particularly affected use of restraints and psychotropic drugs
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
- promoted job opportunities
- prohibited discrimination for the disabled including mental illness
Patient Self-determination Act (PSDA)
- Required to inquire about advanced directives
- Required to let them know about their right to refuse medical care
Mental Health Parity Act
Prohibited lifetime or annual limitations on mental health coverage for certain insured employees
What is Healthy People 2020?
National Health Care Agenda focusing on promoting health and prevention disease
Healthy people 2020 focuses on reducing
- suicide rates in children and adolescents
- mental disorders among adults
- adverse effects from stress
Healthy people 2020 focuses on Increasing
- community support for people with mental disorders
- treatment for people with depressive disorders
- access to care for people with personal and emotional problems
Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (1999)
addresses treatment, costs, ethics/values, privacy, and future visions for mental health
Report of the Surgeon General's Conference on Children's Mental Health: A National Action Agenda (2000)
conference held to get recommendations for a national action agenda on children's mental health
President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health
order to conduct comprehensive study on the mental health service delivery system and make recommendations based on findings
Pre-moral period dates
Ancient-Renaissance
800 BC-1700 AD
View of Mental Health During Ancient Period (800 B.C.-1 AD)
- mental illness was caused by gods, beyond control of mortals
- Hippocrates disagreed with this theory, said people with mental health illness had "caught the illness"
- i.e. epilepsy called humors
- Rome: neglected and mistreated mentally ill b/c were s
View of Mental Health during Medieval period (1000-1300 AD)
- early medieval: thought mental health disease caused by demons, healing done by witch doctors
- church recognized the body (soma) and the soul (psyche) as an arena for battle
- Tx: were incarcerated by chains and dungeons and confined from community.
-
View of Mental Health during Renaissance (1300-1600)
- 13th century miracle cure in Gheel, Belgium
- sent to seek cure from patron saint of mentally ill (Saint Dymphna)
Moral (Humanistic) period dates
Colonial-Institutionalizaiton
1700s-1900s
View of Mental Health during Moral Humanistic period: 1700s
- scientific investigation of mental health began
- Phillipe Pinel, French Medical director of a prison, decided to opt for more humane treatment and had chains removed, classified symptoms, and involved them in activities
- Benjamin Rush (physician at PA
View of Mental Health during the Moral Humanistic Period 1800s
- period of Institutionalization: forced confinement of individuals for long periods of time in large facilities
- Dorothea Dix influenced the building of large state institutions (state hospitals) for mentally ill
View of Mental Health during Moral Humanistic Period 1900s
- Freud believed mental illness was psychological in origin: due to disturbed personality development and faulty parenting
- Freud introduced psychoanalysis: therapy that focused on repairing the trauma of the original psychological injury
- established c
mental health from 1917-1930s
Somatic therapies (ECT, insulin shock, lobotomies) expanded role of psychiatric nurse
Mental health from 1935-Depression Era
- Social Security Act created
- Federal Aid provided to blind, children, and elderly
- shifted care of ill people from state to federal government
Mental Health from 1940s-WWII
1.7 million Americans excused from military service due to mental illness or related reasons
National Mental Health Act
- Established the NIMH
NIMH purpose
- explore causes and tx. for mental disorders
- provide federal funds for training professionals in mental health field
Mental Health Study Act
- Created Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health
- recommended shift of patient populations from state hospital systems to community health system
- bringing mentally ill back into community instead of institutionalization for tx, support, and reha
Thorazine and Mental Health
- first psychotropic drug discovered
- became possible to control symptoms of mental illness
- patients responsive to communication led to fewer restraints (were calmer)
Who was Linda Richards?
- 1st American Psychiatric Nurse
- Assessed physical and emotional needs of patient
- improved nursing care in U.S. state mental hospitals
Who was Harriet Bailey?
Created first psychiatric nursing textbook
Who was Hildegarde Peplau?
- Expanded role of psychiatric nurse by outlining scope of practice
- Wrote "Interpersonal Relations in Nursing" that gave first systematic theoretical framework for psychiatric nursing
McLean Aslyum, MA
- 1st school for psychiatric nurses created by Linda Richards
- trained nurses how to provide physical care to patients with mental disorders with medical illness
What does Modern Psychiatric Nursing look like today?
- uses evidence based practice and nursing expertise
- is a problem solving approach using best practices
- integrates patient preferences and values
Community Mental Health Act
- enacted by President Kennedy
- made mental health care a right for everyone
- Opened the doors of state institutions, which resulted in deinstitutionalization - mass exodus into the community
Medicare and Medicaid
- created increased access to care
- provided federal subsidy to health care
Developmental Disabilities Act
- focused on rights and treatment of people with developmental disabilities
- provided a foundation for people with mental disorders
Presidents commission on Mental Health
- supported community mental health centers
- provided insurance for mentally ill and protection of human rights
Mental Health Systems Act
- signed by President Carter
- established federal government role in services for children, elderly, minorities, and chronically mentally ill
- provided comprehensive mental health care for all
Mental Health Systems Act Repealed
- repealed by Reagan
- cut funding for psych and social services
- idea was fewer services = fewer economic constraints
What happened in 1985 that was important for mental health services
NIMH/NIH established the NINR
Decade of the Brain 1990s
- Brain imaging techniques to map the brain: CT, MRI, Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
- Neurobiological theories of mental illness: more than 100 different transmitters; dopamine, serotonin, norepinep
How do psychotropic drugs work?
manipulate the processes of neurotransmitter production and absorption to reestablish normal neurochemical balance
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)
- nursing home reform initiative
- particularly affected use of restraints and psychotropic drugs
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
- promoted job opportunities
- prohibited discrimination for the disabled including mental illness
Patient Self-determination Act (PSDA)
- Required to inquire about advanced directives
- Required to let them know about their right to refuse medical care
Mental Health Parity Act
Prohibited lifetime or annual limitations on mental health coverage for certain insured employees
What is Healthy People 2020?
National Health Care Agenda focusing on promoting health and prevention disease
Healthy people 2020 focuses on reducing
- suicide rates in children and adolescents
- mental disorders among adults
- adverse effects from stress
Healthy people 2020 focuses on Increasing
- community support for people with mental disorders
- treatment for people with depressive disorders
- access to care for people with personal and emotional problems
Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (1999)
addresses treatment, costs, ethics/values, privacy, and future visions for mental health
Report of the Surgeon General's Conference on Children's Mental Health: A National Action Agenda (2000)
conference held to get recommendations for a national action agenda on children's mental health
President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health
order to conduct comprehensive study on the mental health service delivery system and make recommendations based on findings