1. Answer: D
2. Answer: B
3. Answer: E
4. Answer: C
5. Answer: A
Using Figure 16.1, match the following:
1) Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual
characteristics at puberty.
2) Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.
3) Produces the hormones tha
Growth Hormone = A
Follicle Stimulating Hormone = C
Prolactin = B
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone = E
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone = D
Growth Hormone = ?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone = ?
Prolactin = ?
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone = ?
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone = ?
A) Diabetes mellitus
B) Addison?s disease
C) Graves? disease
D) Acromegaly
E) Pituitary dwarfism
11) An autoimmune problem
involving the thyroid gland.
12) Hyposecretion of growth
hormone.
13) Hyposecretion of the
pancreas.
14) Hyposecretion of the adrena
11) C
12) E
13) A
14) B
15) D
A) Cushing's disease
B) Myxedema
C) Cretinism
D) Acromegaly
16) Hyposecretion of the thyroid
in adults.
17) Hypersecretion of the adrenal
cortex.
18) Hypersecretion of growth
hormone.
19) Hyposecretion of the thyroid
in infants
16) B
17) A
18) D
19) C
A) Hypophysis
B) Pancreas
C) Thyroid
D) Parathyroid
E) Adrenal medulla
20) The size and shape of a pea;
produces hormones that
stimulate other endocrine
glands.
21) The gland that controls the
fight-or-flight reaction.
22) Produces hormones that
regulate
20) A
21) E
22) B
23) D
24) C
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.
A) aldosterone
B) insulin
C) secretin
D) cortisol
D) cortisol
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.
A) adrenal medulla
B) pancreas
C) thyroid gland
D) thymus gland
D) thymus gland
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________.
A) ions
B) deactivators
C) nucleotides
D) second messengers
D) second messengers
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
A) enzyme
B) humoral
C) neural
D) hormonal
A) enzyme
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.
A) enzymes
B) antibodies
C) proteins
D) hormones
D) hormones
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.
A) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland
B) is partly contained within the infundibulum
C) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis
D) is the site of prolactin synthesis
B) is partly contained within the infundibulum
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
A) polyuria
B) polydipsia
C) polyphagia
D) polycythemia
D) polycythemia
Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction?
A) blood levels of hormone
B) type of hormone
C) number of receptors for that hormone
D) strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone
B) type of hormone
Oxytocin ________.
A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
B) is an adenohypophyseal secretion
C) exerts its most important effects during menstruation
D) controls milk production
A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
ADH ________.
A) increases urine production
B) promotes dehydration
C) is produced in the adenohypophysis
D) is inhibited by alcohol
D) is inhibited by alcohol
Which of the folowing is not a type of hormone interaction?
A) permissiveness
B) synergism
C) anatagonism
D) feedback
D) feedback
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
A) activates or deactivates enzymes
B) stimulates production of an action potential
C) alters plasma membrane permeability
D) induces secretory activity
B) stimulates production of an action potential
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
A) a change in membrane potential
B) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis
C) an increase in enzymatic activity
D) direct control of the nervous sy
D. direct control of the nervous system
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.
A) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path
B) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ
C) the prese
C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.
A) hepatic portal system
B) general circulatory sy
C) hypophyseal portal system
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.
A) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release
B) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, b
D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
B) finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity
C) stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen
D) incre
A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.
A) synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed
B) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ
C) not responding to a feedback mechanism
D) binding to specific
D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible beca
C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.
A) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide
B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
C) growth hormone, because the thyroid works s
B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________.
A) estrogen
B) epinephrine
C) angiotensinogen
D) renin
B) epinephrine
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?
A) the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates
B) catabolic inhibition
C) protein syn
D) humoral stimulation
The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
A) the blood vessels
B) the adrenal glands
C) the liver
D) bones and skeletal muscles
D) bones and skeletal muscles
The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________.
A) blocking the action of growth hormone
B) targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
C) antagonizing the synthes
B) targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?
A) the heart
B) the kidney
C) the skin
D) the spleen
A) the heart
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.
A) testosterone
B) estrogen
C) cortisol
D) epinephrine
C) cortisol
Leptin is secreted by ________.
A) lymphocytes
B) adipocytes
C) goblet cells
D) fibroblasts
B) adipocytes
The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________.
A) insulin
B) aldosterone
C) glucagon
D) cortisol
B) aldosterone
Which of the following is
not
a steroid-based hormone?
A) estrogen
B) aldosterone
C) epinephrine
D) cortisone
C) epinephrine
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is:
A) calcitonin
B) parathyroid hormone
C) thyroid hormone
D) gondadotropic hormones
B) parathyroid hormone
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________.
A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
B) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger
C) formation of a specific
A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.
A) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary
B) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary
C) travel by arteries to the p
D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
ACTH ________.
A) is secreted by the posterior pituitary
B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone
C) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla
D) is not a tropic hormone
B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone
Aldosterone ________.
A) is secreted by the neurohypophysis
B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption
C) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood
D) production is greatly influenced by ACTH
B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Which organ does
not
produce hormones?
A) heart
B) kidney
C) spleen
D) skin
C) spleen
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________.
A) the cell's sensitivity
C) up-regulation
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.
A) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells;
C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?
A) It causes positive feedback.
B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a respons
B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?
A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
B) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure
C) by stimulating the
A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acidbased hormones?
A) iron
B) calcium
C) sodium
D) chlorine
B) calcium
FILL IN THE BLANK: Which hormones are synthesized from cholesterol?
Steroids
FILL IN THE BLANK: Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?
Prolactin
FILL IN THE BLANK: Acromegaly and gigantism are the result of _______ of growth hormone.
hypersecretion
FILL IN THE BLANK: The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the ________.
thyroid
FILL IN THE BLANK: Which hormone stimulates production of RBCs?
erythropoietin
FILL IN THE BLANK: Alpha islet cells produce ________, an extremely potent hyperglycemic hormone.
glucagon
FILL IN THE BLANK: The ________ gland may influence our day/night cycles and even regulate the onset of sexual maturity.
pineal
FILL IN THE BLANK: The ________ gland is especially large in early childhood; then declines in size and function with age.
thymus
FILL IN THE BLANK: Hypersecretion of growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure can result in a condition called _____.
acromegaly
FILL IN THE BLANK: As a result of stress the adenohypophysis releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.
ACTH
SHORT ANSWER: Compare the structure and function of endocrine and exocrine glands
- Endocrine glands are ductless, and release to the blood to be transported to other organs
- Exocrine glands have ducts through which products are released
SHORT ANSWER: Why should the hypothalamus instead of the adenohypophysis be called the "master endocrine gland
-Adenohypophysis has many hormonal products
-The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary activity through regulatory factors
SHORT ANSWER: Why would one not expect to continue increasing in height
-Growth hormone decreases with age.
-Closure of epiphyseal plates prohibits further growth in long bones
SHORT ANSWER: A woman iwth excessive body hair, deep voice, and enlarged clitoris shows the outward symptoms of which hormonal dysfunction
- Hypersecretion of androgens
SHORT ANSWER: A person who drinks a lot of alcoholic beverages must urinate frequently. Why?
Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion
SHORT ANSWER: How is the heart involved as an endocrine gland
- few cardiac cells create ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP)
- helps regulate sallt output by kidney
- ANP inhibits aldosterone and signals the kidney to remove more salt
SHORT ANSWER: Briefly discuss target cell activation by hormone-receptor interaction
Setp 1: binding to target cell, but depends on:
- blood levels of hormone
- relative number of receptors on or in target cell
- affinity of the union between hormone and receptor
SHORT ANSWER: Glucagon and insulin both target cells of the liver and are both made in the pancrease yet have very different effects on the cells they target. What accounts for this fact.
- They use different cell surface receptors
SHORT ANSWER: Basal metabolism declines with age. What factors contribute to that decline
- thyroid follicles fill with colloid, fibrosis occurs
- decline in hormone synthesis and release
- increase in body fat relative to muscle, muscle is more active metabollically than fat
SHORT ANSWER: List 4 mechanisms involved in the regulation of aldosterone
1. the renin-angiotensin mechanism
2. plasma concentration of Na+ and K+
3. Control exerted by ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
4. Plasma concentration of ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)
SHORT ANSWER: What is the difference between autocrines and paracrines
- AUTOCRINES: self regulating, target is cel they were manufactured from
- PARACRINES: act locally, only affect cells immediately around them
SHORT ANSWER: Give an example of synergism in hormones
-liver will release glucose in presence of glucagon or epinepherine.
-if both are present amount of glucose is released is 150%