hormones
compounds secreted in small amounts into the blood stream that influence the acticty of distant cells. chemical messengers
gland
an organ made up of cells that secrete materials into other regions of the body
exocrine glands
secrete chemicals into ducts that are connected to an internal or external surface. EX. sweat glands, mucous glands and other digestive glands.
endocrine glands
they are ductless glands they secrete hormones
amino acid based hormones
derived from amino acids. Ex. epinephrine (adrenaline)
cannot diffuse across membranes of target cells
bind to receptors on the membrane
acts as a first messenger that in turn activates a second messenger inside the cell
2nd messenger then relays and ampl
steroid hormones
Do not act through cell surface receptors.
they diffuse through membranes and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm
cause cells to activate existing enzymes or produce new ones that cause changers in the cells
target cells
hormones affected only by specific cells
receptors
target cells have these. that fit the shape of the hormone molecules
prostoglandins
a type of lipid that regulate cell activates not produced by specific endocrine glands
produced in small quantities
not transported through the bloodstream
they act locally
pituitary glands
secretes hormones that affect other glands and organs.
regulated by the hypothalamus
divided into two lobes
neurosecretory cells
of hypothalamus produce hormones stored in pituitary, or regulate them
primary regulator
along with the hypothalamus this regulator of the endocrine system
oxytocin
stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth
stimulates flow of breast milk during nursing
neurosecretory
cells extend from hypothalamus into posterior lobe produce oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
antidiuretic hormone
controls amount of water excreted by the kidneys
relesing hormones
from the neurosecretory cells stimulate cells to produce and secrete hormones
release inhibiting hormones
prevent production and secretion hormones
growth hormone
controls skeletal and muscle growth
prolactin
stimulates production of breast milk during laction
follicle stimulating
hormone FSH that stimulates egg production in females
luteinizing hormone
LH that starts ovulation
adrenocorticotropic hormone
ACTH, that stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete hormones
interstitial cell stimulating hormones
ICSH, stimulates the male testes to produce testosterone
thyroid gland
located near the inferior part of the larynx
controlled by the thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
thyroxin
hormone that helps maintain normal heart rate, blood pressure, and body temp.
need iodine in its production
calcitonin
hormone that stimulates transfer of calcium from blood to bone for bone growth
hyperthyroidism
overproduction of hormones,
symptomes include: over activity, weight loss, high blood pressure, elevated heart rate, high temp
hypothayroidism
underproduction of hormones
symptoms include: lethargy, weight gain, low heart rate, low body temp.
adrenal glands
located above each kidney
adrenal medulla
the inner core
produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
*controls nervous systems reaction to stress (flight or fight response!)
adrenal cortex
responds to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary during stress.
*produces cortisol that regulates the metabolism of protein and carbohydrates
*produces aldosterone that regulates the salt and water balance.
Gonads
the ovaries in females and the testes in males.
*produce sex hormones that regulate body changing during puberty
Male secondary sex characteristics
*development of coarse, dark facial hair
*deeper lower voice pitch
*body contours= broad shoulders and narrow hips
*sperm production
*increased muscle mass
Female secondary sex characteristics
*higher pitched voice
*body contours=wider hips/narrow waist
*menstration
*breast enlargement
*less muscle mass
-stimulated by luteinizing hormone and by follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
ovaries
*produce estrogen and progesterone that prepare the uterus lining for possible pregnancy
testes
produce testosterone that regulates male secondary sex characteristics
Islets on Langerhans
Isolated, specialized cells that function as endocrine gland
*produce insulin that lowers blood sugar
-stimulates muscle cells to absorb glucose
*produce glucagon that stumulates liver to release glucose
diabetes
deficiency in insulin
Diabetes mellitus
a deficiency in insulin cause high blood glucose concentrations
*excess glucose inhibits reabsorption of water by the kidneys
*can result in dehydration,kidney damage,a nd death
type 1 diabetes
caused by cells dying
treated by daily injections
type 2 diabetes
usually occurs after age 40
caused by insufficient insulin or unresponsive target cells
hereditary, but comes on with obesity
hypoglycemia
caused by excessive insulin
glucose is stored rather than released to cells
thymus
secretes thymosin that stimulates formation of t-cells
pineal gland
located near the base of the brain
*seretes the hormone melatonin that regulates sleep
-higher amounts released at night
-much smaller amounts released during the day
parathyroid glands
4 embedded in the back of each lobe of the thyroid
*secrete parathyroid hormone that increase the amount of calcium in the blood.
stomach lining
secretes gastrin
*stimulates gastric glands to release enzymes and HCI
*
small intestine lining
secretes secretin
*stimulates release of digestive fluid from pancreas and bile from the liver
Feedback mechanisms
they respond and adjust to internal?external changes in the body
*the last step in a series of events controls the first step
homeostasis
Biological balance (a stable environment)
antagonistic hormones
they have the opposite effects to maintain balance
negative feedback
used by most hormone systems
*intial (first) hormone stimulates release/production of a hormone that inhibits the effect the first
positive feedback
Initil (first) hormone stimulates release/production of a hormone that stimulates the release of more of the first
EX. LH regulates estrogen production... More estrogen stimulates more LH
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
*involve nervous system, endocrine system, and circulatory systems
*help maintain a certain range o fhormone concentrations
Negative Feedback Mechanisms list
1. hypothalamus secretes LH-releasing hormone that stimulates secretion of LH by the anterior pituitary
2. LH transported by the blood throughout the body
3.LH bind to receptors of target cells in the testes
4. target cells in testes release testosterone
hormones
compounds secreted in small amounts into the blood stream that influence the acticty of distant cells. chemical messengers
gland
an organ made up of cells that secrete materials into other regions of the body
exocrine glands
secrete chemicals into ducts that are connected to an internal or external surface. EX. sweat glands, mucous glands and other digestive glands.
endocrine glands
they are ductless glands they secrete hormones
amino acid based hormones
derived from amino acids. Ex. epinephrine (adrenaline)
cannot diffuse across membranes of target cells
bind to receptors on the membrane
acts as a first messenger that in turn activates a second messenger inside the cell
2nd messenger then relays and ampl
steroid hormones
Do not act through cell surface receptors.
they diffuse through membranes and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm
cause cells to activate existing enzymes or produce new ones that cause changers in the cells
target cells
hormones affected only by specific cells
receptors
target cells have these. that fit the shape of the hormone molecules
prostoglandins
a type of lipid that regulate cell activates not produced by specific endocrine glands
produced in small quantities
not transported through the bloodstream
they act locally
pituitary glands
secretes hormones that affect other glands and organs.
regulated by the hypothalamus
divided into two lobes
neurosecretory cells
of hypothalamus produce hormones stored in pituitary, or regulate them
primary regulator
along with the hypothalamus this regulator of the endocrine system
oxytocin
stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth
stimulates flow of breast milk during nursing
neurosecretory
cells extend from hypothalamus into posterior lobe produce oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
antidiuretic hormone
controls amount of water excreted by the kidneys
relesing hormones
from the neurosecretory cells stimulate cells to produce and secrete hormones
release inhibiting hormones
prevent production and secretion hormones
growth hormone
controls skeletal and muscle growth
prolactin
stimulates production of breast milk during laction
follicle stimulating
hormone FSH that stimulates egg production in females
luteinizing hormone
LH that starts ovulation
adrenocorticotropic hormone
ACTH, that stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete hormones
interstitial cell stimulating hormones
ICSH, stimulates the male testes to produce testosterone
thyroid gland
located near the inferior part of the larynx
controlled by the thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
thyroxin
hormone that helps maintain normal heart rate, blood pressure, and body temp.
need iodine in its production
calcitonin
hormone that stimulates transfer of calcium from blood to bone for bone growth
hyperthyroidism
overproduction of hormones,
symptomes include: over activity, weight loss, high blood pressure, elevated heart rate, high temp
hypothayroidism
underproduction of hormones
symptoms include: lethargy, weight gain, low heart rate, low body temp.
adrenal glands
located above each kidney
adrenal medulla
the inner core
produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
*controls nervous systems reaction to stress (flight or fight response!)
adrenal cortex
responds to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary during stress.
*produces cortisol that regulates the metabolism of protein and carbohydrates
*produces aldosterone that regulates the salt and water balance.
Gonads
the ovaries in females and the testes in males.
*produce sex hormones that regulate body changing during puberty
Male secondary sex characteristics
*development of coarse, dark facial hair
*deeper lower voice pitch
*body contours= broad shoulders and narrow hips
*sperm production
*increased muscle mass
Female secondary sex characteristics
*higher pitched voice
*body contours=wider hips/narrow waist
*menstration
*breast enlargement
*less muscle mass
-stimulated by luteinizing hormone and by follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
ovaries
*produce estrogen and progesterone that prepare the uterus lining for possible pregnancy
testes
produce testosterone that regulates male secondary sex characteristics
Islets on Langerhans
Isolated, specialized cells that function as endocrine gland
*produce insulin that lowers blood sugar
-stimulates muscle cells to absorb glucose
*produce glucagon that stumulates liver to release glucose
diabetes
deficiency in insulin
Diabetes mellitus
a deficiency in insulin cause high blood glucose concentrations
*excess glucose inhibits reabsorption of water by the kidneys
*can result in dehydration,kidney damage,a nd death
type 1 diabetes
caused by cells dying
treated by daily injections
type 2 diabetes
usually occurs after age 40
caused by insufficient insulin or unresponsive target cells
hereditary, but comes on with obesity
hypoglycemia
caused by excessive insulin
glucose is stored rather than released to cells
thymus
secretes thymosin that stimulates formation of t-cells
pineal gland
located near the base of the brain
*seretes the hormone melatonin that regulates sleep
-higher amounts released at night
-much smaller amounts released during the day
parathyroid glands
4 embedded in the back of each lobe of the thyroid
*secrete parathyroid hormone that increase the amount of calcium in the blood.
stomach lining
secretes gastrin
*stimulates gastric glands to release enzymes and HCI
*
small intestine lining
secretes secretin
*stimulates release of digestive fluid from pancreas and bile from the liver
Feedback mechanisms
they respond and adjust to internal?external changes in the body
*the last step in a series of events controls the first step
homeostasis
Biological balance (a stable environment)
antagonistic hormones
they have the opposite effects to maintain balance
negative feedback
used by most hormone systems
*intial (first) hormone stimulates release/production of a hormone that inhibits the effect the first
positive feedback
Initil (first) hormone stimulates release/production of a hormone that stimulates the release of more of the first
EX. LH regulates estrogen production... More estrogen stimulates more LH
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
*involve nervous system, endocrine system, and circulatory systems
*help maintain a certain range o fhormone concentrations
Negative Feedback Mechanisms list
1. hypothalamus secretes LH-releasing hormone that stimulates secretion of LH by the anterior pituitary
2. LH transported by the blood throughout the body
3.LH bind to receptors of target cells in the testes
4. target cells in testes release testosterone