Which of the following techniques are useful to avoid claustrophobia in the patient being ventilated by face mask?
1. Allow patient to hold the mask.
2. Increase the inspiratory flow.
3. Use sedation.
What mode of ventilation is most often used for noninvasive ventilation (NIV) when a critical care ventilator is in use?
Continuous positive airway pressure
Which of the following is/are the minimum performing characteristics of most noninvasive ventilators?
2. Inspiratory pressure of 30 cm H2O or less
3. PEEP of 15 cm H2O or less
4. Inspiratory flow of 180 L/min or less at 20 cm H2O
Which of the following is the most important advantage of noninvasive ventilators over other types of ventilators?
Ability to trigger and cycle appropriately when small-to-moderate air leaks are present
Which of the following groups of patients are considered at risk for reintubation?
1. Patients with APACHE 2 score greater than 12 on the day of extubation
3. Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF)
4. Patients with one or more weaning failure
What is the best option for the patient in respiratory failure who continues to deteriorate 30 min after the initiation of noninvasive ventilation?
Intubate and begin mechanical ventilation.
Which of the following is required for noninvasive ventilators to work properly?
leak
Which of the following are factors associated with pressure and flow-related complications during noninvasive ventilation?
1. Sinus and ear pain
2. Nasal congestion
3. Upper airway dryness
4. Gastric insufflations
Which of the following statements are true about the use of home care ventilators for delivering noninvasive ventilation (NIV)?
1. They operate only with pressure triggering.
2. They can operate on AC or DC power sources.
3. They can have a single-limb ventilator circuit.
The respiratory therapist has placed a patient on noninvasive ventilation. After 2 hr the patient showing significant improvement in her work of breathing but is experiencing nasal and oral dryness. Which of the following corrective action should be perfo
Add heated humidifier.
Which of the following is a potential risk of overtightening the straps of the mask?
Tissue necrosis
How does noninvasive ventilation (NIV) benefit the patient with restrictive thoracic disease?
1. It rests the respiratory muscles.
2. It lowers the PaCO2.
3. It improves lung compliance.
Which of the following findings are exclusion criteria for using noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in the patient with acute respiratory failure?
1. Apnea
2. Hemodynamic or cardiac instability
4. Lack of cooperation by the patient
Your patient is being ventilated with a nasal mask to relieve dyspnea. He has a long history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypercarbia. What is the goal of noninvasive ventilation in this setting with regard to the ABGs?
Return the PaCO2 to less than 60 mm Hg.
Which of the following are indications to use noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in patients who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with nocturnal hypoventilation?
1. PaCO2 greater than 55 mm Hg
2. More than two hospitalizations related to hypercapnic respiratory failure
4. PaCO2 between 50 and 54 mm Hg with nocturnal desaturation
Initiating noninvasive ventilation (NIV) can be done in which of the following settings?
1. Emergency department
2. Intensive care unit
3. Hospital ward
What complication associated with noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is most common?
Air leaks
Which of the following are a required ventilator alarm for noninvasive ventilation (NIV)?
1. Loss of power
2. Circuit disconnect
3. Battery failure
Which of the following are benefits of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in postoperative major abdominal surgery?
1. Lower mortality
2. Lower intubation rate
3. Lower incidence of pneumonia
Which of the following modes are commonly seen on noninvasive ventilators?
1. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
3. Pressure assist
Why did the use of intermittent positive-pressure breathing decline in the 1980s?
Due to a lack of scientific evidence to support its use for delivering aerosolized medication
All of the following are goals of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in the acute care setting, except:
improve mobility.
Which of the following interfaces is/are most commonly used to apply noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in the acute setting?
1. Nasal or full-face mask
Compared with nasal masks, full-face masks are associated with all of the following, except:
hypocapnia
Which of the following is likely to occur when decreasing the expiratory positive airway pressure in the patient being ventilated using noninvasive ventilation?
Increased tidal volume
Which of the following devices is considered to be the first electrically powered negative-pressure ventilator?
The iron lung
Your patient is being ventilated with a common critical care ventilator using pressure support ventilation (flow cycled) with a nasal mask. A leak is present that is preventing the appropriate termination of the inspiratory cycle. What is the best respons
Switch to time-cycled mode.
Which of the following are possible solutions to correct a large air leak during noninvasive ventilation?
1. Selecting an appropriately sized mask
2. Applying chin straps
3. Using a full-face mask
Which of the following interfaces that improve ventilation appears to be more tolerated?
nasal pillows
Which of the following is/are characteristics of most noninvasive ventilators?
1. Electrically powered
2. Blower driven
3. Microprocessor controlled
Which of the following define successful application of noninvasive ventilation (NIV)?
1. Overall improvement of patient's blood gas
2. Normal blood gas
3. PaO2 increased
Which of the following ventilators is generally only used for chronic noninvasive ventilation (NIV)?
portable
What physiologic effect will raising the expiratory positive airway pressure have in the patient receiving noninvasive ventilation?
increase FRC
What strategy should be used when the patient complains of nasal congestion during the use of a nasal mask for noninvasive ventilation (NIV)?
Add a heated humidifier
Which of the following interfaces should be used in greater than 90% of the patients with hypoventilation?
Full-face mask
Which of the following noninvasive ventilation (NIV) settings are adequate for a patient with cardiogenic pulmonary edema?
CPAP at 8 to 12 cm H2O with 100% oxygen
Which of the following are contraindications for the use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV)?
1. Nonsupportive family
2. Lack of financial resources
3. Copious amounts of secretions
4. Uncooperative behavior on the part of the patient
Which of the following is the current recommendation for adding humidity while using noninvasive ventilation (NIV)?
It is recommended for long-term application (>1 day).
Your patient has acute pulmonary edema from left heart failure. Which therapy should be tried first?
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
What patient population is the only group currently accepted for the use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in the hospital ward?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with near normal pH