Because energy is stored as ___ heat, the temperature of water does not change as it melts or boils.
latent
The coldest object has the ___ wavelengths.
longest
The hottest object has the ___ wavelengths.
shortest
The electromagnetic spectrum is ordered by ___.
wavelength
The ___ shields us from harmful high-energy rays form space, is the source of our weather and climate, and contains the gases life depends on.
atmosphere
The relatively thin layer of gas that surrounds earth's surface is called the atmosphere.
atmosphere
If one object warms another, then the object that is warming up is gaining energy and the object doing the warming is ___.
losing energy
The consistent amount of energy earth receives from the sun is called the ___ ___. It is measured in watts per square meter.
solar constant
transmission
energy is able to pass through the matter
reflection
energy bounces off the surface of an object
absorption
an object retains some of the energy that strikes it
scattering
energy is dispersed in various directions
conduction
heat transfer by direct contact
radiation
energy transmission by means of electrical and magnetic fields
convection
the vertical heat transfer by the vertical movement of a material
advection
the horizontal heat transfer by the horizontal movement of a material
The interaction between earth's atmosphere and surface determines the ___, ___, and habitability of an area.
weather; climate
___ radiation is the fundamental force of nature that transmits energy to us from the sun and is fundamental in determining our weather and climate.
electromagnetic
If an object is to warm up or cool down, what must happen?
energy must be transferred from one object to the next
The atmosphere is held in place both by a buoyancy force directed upward and ___, which is directed downward.
gravity
What is heat flow?
the thermal energy transfer from high- to low-temperature objects
direction of wave propagation
the direction the wave is moving
wavelength
the distance between the same point on successive waves
amplitude
the distance between the top and bottom of a wave
frequency
the number of waves per second passing a point
The temperatures that represent the freezing point of water at sea level.
32�F; 273K; 0�C
The approximate 11-year solar cycle is defined by the number of ___ observed on the sun.
sunspots
All matter contains ___, which is the capability of an object to do work.
energy
The main process by which the sun generates electromagnetic radiation is ___. It is the joining of two smaller particles to create a larger one.
fusion
The incoming energy transmitted from the sun to earth is called ___.
insolation
The dark areas on the surface of the sun that are cooler than the rest of the sun are called ___.
sunspots
In addition to the changes associated with charged particles, how can electromagnetic energy be generated?
by the fusion of particles
by changes in the energy level of electrons
If there is a net transfer of energy from one object to another, then it is possible for ___.
one to warm and one to cool
What is the difference between heat and temperature?
Temperature is a measure of an object's internal kinetic energy and heat is the energy transferred from one object to another.
Convection and advection transfer heat by vertically and horizontally moving material, respectively; whereas ___ transfers heat by direct contact, and ___ transfers heat by way of electrical and magnetic fields.
conduction; radiation
Greater motion at the atomic level results in the faster moving molecules having ___.
more energy
How does the surface temperature of an object relate to the electromagnetic radiation it emits?
The higher the surface temperature of an object, the more EMR it produces.
High temperature produce greater levels of EMR. This relationship is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann Law.
The huge ejections of solar mass into space are called solar ___.
flares
All the scenarios for water that will warm the surrounding air.
vapor changing to liquid
vapor changing to ice
liquid changing to ice
Where can energy be stored in an atomic or molecular structure?
Within the structure itself.
The visible spectrum ranges from violet (_ micrometers) to red (_ micrometers)
.4;.7
What is sensible heat?
The heat that changes the temperature of two objects via the exchange of heat between them.
What is the difference between high- and low-energy states?
high-energy states require more energy to form.
latent heat of fusion
melting, freezing
latent heat of vaporization
condensation, evaporation
latent heat of sublimation
deposition
The date of earth's closest approach to the sun is called the ___ and the farthest approach is called the ___.
perihelion; aphelion
Heat needs to be released or absorbed by water in order for it to ___.
change phase
All the phases changes for water in which latent heat is stored in the water molecules.
Melting; evaporation
As the physical spacing of the distance between water molecules changes, the ___ of the water may change too.
phase
What is the result of the effect of gravity on earth's atmosphere?
Atmosphere molecules are more closely spaced near the ground and thin out with distance away from earth's surface
The type of energy related to motion is called ___ energy, whereas stored energy is called ___ energy.
kinetic; potential
How are the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic field oriented with respect to each other?
They travel in two mutually perpendicular planes.
The combined output of energy from the sun is called the ___.
Total Solar Irradiance (TSI)
Why do objects emit electromagnetic radiation in a range of wavelengths?
Mot all molecules in an object vibrate or move at the same speed.
Why are atmospheric temperatures affected by the phase changes of water?
Heat is being taken in and stored as latent heat or latent heat is being released into the environment.
The type of heat transfer: conduction
the top layer of soil heating the layer of soil below it via the surface between them
the type of heat transfer: radiation
the top layer of soil heating up because of the energy gained via rays from the sun
the type of heat transfer: convection
warm air rising higher into the atmosphere
the type of heat transfer:advection
warmer air over the ocean blowing horizontally over the beach at night
What is the latent energy?
It is the energy released or stored when matter changes states.
What causes the gases near earth's surface to be more closely packed together than gases farther away from earth's surface?
The compressive weight of the overliding gases is greater the lower the position in the atmosphere.
What does the Stefan-Botlzmann Law describe?
It relates the amount of energy emitted by an object, which absorbs all energy, to its surface temperature.
What is the correlation between the number of sunspots and the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI)?
The greater the number of sunspots, the greater the TSI.
One of the coldest periods in the last 1000 years occurred during a time of few or no sunspots for many years in a row. The modern period of warming has occurred during a period of ___.
numerous sunspots
What prevents conduction, convection, and advection from transferring energy generated in the sun to the earth?
All require a medium for transferring energy and there is no medium in the vacuum of space.
About the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere
ozone concentrations rise in the lower troposphere because it is a by-product of sunlight striking hydrocarbons in the air
beneficial ozone layer is located in the stratosphere and blocks harmful ultraviolet light
Located at 23.5�N latitude is the Tropic of ___ and at 23.5�S latitude is the Tropic of ___.
Cancer; Capricorn
How does the amount of incoming radiation to earth compare to the amount of outgoing radiation?
The amount of outgoing radiation equals the amount of incoming radiation.
sensible heat flux
the upward transmission of energy, mostly by convection, of warm air near the surface to greater altitudes
latent heat flux
the energy transfer that takes place as processes like melting, evaporation, and transpiration from plants occur
longwave energy flux
the transfer of radiation that takes place back and forth between the atmosphere and ground in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
At any one time, half of earth's surface is lit in sunlight and half of earth is subjected to darkness. A line drawn around earth at the intersection between the two halves is called the circle of ___.
illumination
The atmospheric gas ___ absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, shielding life from overexposure to ultraviolet radiation.
ozone
The angle between the direction of the energy and the surface it is striking is called the angle of ___.
incidence
The plane in which earth revolves around the sun is called the ___ plane.
orbital
___ gases strongly absorb outgoing longwave radiation and re-emit it again as heat. This keeps the atmosphere warmer than it otherwise would be.
greenhouse
The angle made by the line connceting an observer to the sun and one drawn vertically with respect to the observer is called the ___ angle.
zenith
In what general direction does energy flow in the atmosphere?
towards the poles
water vapor
an abundant and the most important greenhouse gas. it absorbs a wide range of OLR
carbon dioxide
it is a trace gas. it strongly absorbs wavelengths just greater than those in the atmosphere window
ozone
importantly to life, it absorbs incoming ultraviolet radiation
nitrous oxide
it is a by-product of many industrial chemical processes. it absorbs some of the OLR at wavelengths in the thermal infrared.
The amount of insolation received by each hemisphere of earth is equal at the March and September ___ and is most different at the December and June ___.
Equinoxes; Solstices
The photodissociation of oxygen molecules in the atmosphere can result in the formation of ___ as the liberated oxygen atoms join with existing oxygen molecules.
ozone
Earth is tilted to ___ from vertical relative to its orbital plane of the sun.
23.5�
Because different ___ of electromagnetic energy are absorbed, scattered, and reflected at different rates in the atmosphere, the spectrum of sunlight received at sea level is different and less than the spectrum of sunlight received at the top of the atmo
wavelengths
Why does the amount of insolation reaching earth's surface vary on a global scale?
the amount of daylight varies across the earth
the amount and type of cloud cover varies spatially
zenith angles vary with latitude
Shortwave radiation that reaches the earth's surface can be converted to ___.
sensible heat
latent heat
longwave radiation
The transfer of energy towards the poles occurs because energy flows from ___.
areas of surplus to deficit
When measuring the amount of heat needed to increase an object's temperature, the heat ___ depends on the type of material and the amount of material, whereas the ___ heat capacity depends only on the type of material since the amount of the material is a
capacity; specific