English
English
The word spatial refers to
the nature and character of physical space
Relative to the 5 fundamental themes of geography, latitude ans longitude refer to
location
Relative to the 5 fundamental themes of geography, the Taj mahal in India and Ayers rock in Australia are best described within which of the 5 themes
place
what type of feedback maintains stability in a system, what type of feedback keeps a system functioning properly
Negative
The increase in meltponds in Arctic regions is an example of
positive feedback, because the meltponds absorb more solar energy than ice did
if the human population keeps growing rapidly there could be a rapid shift from there being enough food to large scale food shortages and starvation. The point at which this changes is
threshold
which of the following statements is true about earth
the equatorial diameter is 42km greater than the polar diameter
the key idea of the scientific method
the testing of ideas through controlled observations and experiments
The basis for defining the length of a day is the fact that
Earth rotates on its axis in 24 hours, it rotates 15 degrees of longitude per hour
which of the following is NOT true of scientific theories
they are absolute truths and can never be proven wrong
a magnetic disturbance on the Sun's surface is called
a sunspot
the meridian opposite of earths prime meridian is called
the international dateline
If city A is located west of City B, the time at city A is ________ than that at City B because earth rotates from ________ when viewed from the north pole.
Earlier, west to east (counterclockwise)
the oblateness of earth occurs at the
poles
which of the following is true regarding earth's axis
the axis is tilted 23.5 degrees from a perpendicular to the plane of ecliptic
the dominant wavelength of energy emitted by the sun is
shorter than that emitted by Earth
if a clock on a ship indicates that it is 2:00PM in its home port while another clock on the ship indicates that it is 12:00 noon at ships present location, what is the difference in longitude between the ship's position and it's home port?
the ship is 30 degrees west of its home port
life is possible on earths primarily because
the ozonosphere and ionosphere shield the surface from harmful radiation
if you began a trip at 60 degrees west, 20 degrees north and traveled 120 degrees farther west and 50 degrees south,your new position would be
The international dateline at 30 degrees south latitude
which of the following is a consequence of acid rain
damage to aquatic ecosystems, changes in soil chemistry, dying of forests, all of these
if it is 10pm on july 3rd at 30 degrees west what date and time is it at 15 degrees east?
july 4th, 1AM
these criteria used for classification of the atmosphere explained in the text are
composition, temp,and function
the term "net radiation" refers to
the difference in amount of incoming and outgoing radiation
the tropopause occurs at ______ elevation above the tropics than above the poles because
higher, the troposphere is hotter in the tropics and this causes the air to rise to greater heights
the average insolation received by the thermopause when the earth is at its average distance from the sun is known as the
solar constant
the most extreme northern and southern parallels to experience perpendicular rays of the sun at local noon are located at
23.5 north and south
the equinox
has 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night for all locations
the suns declination migrates through
47 degrees
on june 21st the suns declination is at
the tropic of cancer
the outermost region of the atmosphere based on compostion
heterosphere
the heterosphere is the layer of the atmosphere in which the gases are ____ because of _____
poorly mixed, the influence of gravity which causes gases of different weight to separate into layers
An angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian from the center of the Earth is termed
Longitude
The clean air act (CAA)
has cost $523 billion to implement
In 2010 a report on the CAA stated that $110 billion was saved including some 23,000
direct economic benefits $5.6 to $49.4 trillion- average $22.2 trillion
ALL OF THESE ARE TRUE
On the northern hemisphere summer solstice, the north polar region recieves _____ daily insolation than areas nearer the equator BC ______
More, the Sun does not set
the ozonosphere is critical to life because it
absorbs most ultraviolet wavelengths
which of the following is true regarding the depletion of ozonesphere
It results from chemical reactions with chlorine derived from CFCs
Sources of natural variable pollutants and materials include all of the following except
Industrial activity
Photochemical smog developed with the advent of
automoblies
despite its high temps why would the thermosphere feel cold to humans
the number of molecules is not high enough to transfer heat to human's skin
the ______ emits mainly _____ which is also called
earth, long wave radiation, infrared
the sun's altitude refers to
The angular height of the sun above the horizon
the highest temps in the atmoshpere occur in the _______ because ______
Thermosphere, it is in direct contact with high energy solar radiation
Temps within the stratosphere
Increase with altitude because of the absorption of ultraviolet radiation
Which of the following combinations of NET R terms would be associated with a hot, dry climate (LE= latent heat of evaporation, H= Sensible heat, G= ground heating and cooling)
LE small, H large, G large
Which of the following is NOT true of the freezing point of water
There is a single freezing point, 0 degrees C (32 degrees F)
_____ is the general term for the outdoor temp as it is percieved by humans
Apparent Temperature
Official Temps are measured using thermometer placed in shelters that are
Placed a few feet above the ground in louvered white boxes
Land Surface temperature is (LST)
A measure of the heating of the land surface and is distinct from air temperature
The principal controls and influences of temperature patterns include
Latitude, altitude, land-water heating differences, cloud cover, ocean currents, and surface conditions,
Imagine two hypothetical cities both located at 12 degrees N latitude. However on is located near sea level, while the other at an elevation of 4,000 m (13,123ft) above sea level. Which of the following is likely true?
Though both cities are within the tropics, the city at the higher elevation has average monthly and annual temps lower than the city near sea level.
The temperature control that indicates the heat capacity of a substance is
Specific Heat
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the differences in the heating of land and water
Soil has a higher specific heat than water
During the day clouds _____ insolation, lowering daily maximum temps, at night clouds ______ longwave energy, thereby raising minimum nighttime temps
Reflect, Absorb
which of the following is true regarding the specific heat of land and water
Water can hold more heat energy than a comparable volume of rock
The specific heat of land is _______ than water, and therefore land heats more ______ than water.
lower, quickly
As a result of the characteristics of water cities located near a coast should experience a temp range that is _____those of cities located in the interior at the same latitude.
Smaller than
During the summer cities located near the coast are_____ than those in the interior at the same latitude, while in the winter they are
Cooler, Warmer
The Gulf Stream
Moves northward in the western atlantic, moderating temps in Iceland
In July the thermal equator
Trends poleward over continents and equatorward over the oceans
Both City A and City B are located at the same latitude and the same amount of cloud coverage. City A has a mean annual temp of 27 degrees C and temp range of 22 degrees C. City B has a mean annual temp of 26 degrees C and a temp range of 14 degrees C whi
City A
Salvador, Brazil is located at 13 Degrees South based on its latitudinal position, which of the following likely best describes the temp
The temp is consistently high throughout the year
An increase in air pressure will cause the mercury in a barometer to
Rise
Which of the following describes the pressure gradient force
It drives air from areas of higher to lower barometric pressure
An isoline of equal pressure plotted on a weather map is known as
An isobar
On a weather map of air pressure, what can you infer from a closer spacing of isobars.
a steep pressure gradient creating a faster flow of air
The deflection produced by the Coriolis Force is cause by
The Earth's rotation on its axis
If Santa flew from the North Pole due South along the 100 degrees meridian and did not correct his course he would land
West of the 100 meridian
Which is true of air flowing into low pressure center at the surface
Air converges and ascends
In the Northern Hemispheres winds spiraling clockwise out of a high pressure area are
Anitcyclonic
In the absence of friction the combined effect of the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force produces
Geostrophic winds at altitude above the ground
Which of the following matches is correct relative to air circulation
Cyclone= clockwise circulation in the southern hemipshere
Which of the following primary pressure areas are produces by thermal factors rather than dynamic factors
equatorial low and polar high
If you were between 40 degrees and 50 degrees north latitude and you wanted to stand with the average winds blowing in your face you would stand facing
West
Which of the following is not true with the Asian monsoon pattern
Summer low pressure zones over the ocean and high pressure zone over land
During the day along the coast the wind tends to blow toward the _____ because
land, land heats more rapidly than water
In the Northern Hemisphere ocean currents move ______ about high pressure cells in the southern hemisphere ocean currents move ______ about high pressure cells
Clockwise, counterclockwise
Which of the following is true of thermohaline circulation
they are deep currents caused by differences in temp and salinity
The El Nino- southern oscillation
is a periodic shift of high and low pressure zones over the western and eastern pacific, respectively, usually occurring every 2 to 12 years
The hydrogen bonding in water creates ________, a cohesive force that enables one to slightly
overfill a glass with water or allows denser objects, such as a lengthwise steel needle, to float
on water.
surface tension
Water molecules bind tightly to one another. This is a result of
hydrogen bonding.
Which of the following phase changes of water is incorrectly matched?
Evaporation�energy released
The term deposition refers to
water vapor freezing to ice.
What is the heat energy involved in the change of state, or phase, in water?
latent heat
When water freezes, its density
decreases.
Which of the following phase changes decreases the temperature of the air?
ice to water
Below a temperature of 4�C (39�F), water ________ and its density ________
expands; decreases
When water condenses, it ________ heat energy and ________ the surrounding air.
releases; heats
When water evaporates, it ________ heat energy and ________ the surrounding air.
absorbs; cools
If the amount of water vapor in the air remained constant, but the air temperature increased
throughout the day, the relative humidity would
decrease
As temperature increases, the amount of energy available for evaporation
increases.
A mass of air always becomes saturated when it reaches the
dew-point temperature.
A humidity measure that remains constant as temperature and pressure change, and which is
expressed as a mass of water vapor per mass (g/kg) of air, is
specific humidity.
Assuming the amount of water vapor remains constant, a temperature increase will ________
the specific humidity.
have no effect on
The greater the difference in temperature between the wet bulb and dry bulb on a sling
psychrometer, the ________ the air is and the ________ the relative humidity
drier; lower
The point where saturation begins in a rising air parcel is
the lifting condensation level
An air parcel is considered unstable when it
continues to rise until it reaches an altitude at which the surrounding air has
a similar temperature.
Assume a warm air parcel, at sea level, has a temperature of 16�C and begins to rise upward.
Assume it becomes saturated at 1000 m altitude, and continues to rise to 2000 m altitude.
What would the approximate temperature of the parcel be at an elevation
0�C
The wet adiabatic rate is ________ than the dry adiabatic rate because ________.
less; condensation heats the air
What type of cloud that has a thin wispy appearance, consists of ice crystals, and often
precedes a warm front?
cirrus
A stratus cloud that produces precipitation is known as
nimbostratus
Clouds that have vertical development and produce thunderstorms are called
cumulonimbus.
When water freezes, its volume
increases
Air masses which develop over Canada are examples of ___________________________ air
masses.
cP
Air flowing from different directions to an area of low pressure, coming together, and being
displaced upward is an example of ________ lifting
Convergent
Air rising as a result of being stimulated by local surface heating is an example of ________
lifting (e.g. fields being plowed in the spring).
convectional
Air that is forcibly lifted upslope when it meets a topographic barrier such as a mountain is an
example of ________ lifting.
orographic
The dry leeward side of a mountain is often termed a (n)
rain shadow.
Summer afternoon thundershowers in the southeastern United States are more than likely a
result of (e.g. the state of Florida)
convectional and convergent lifting
The term "rain shadow" refers to
dry regions on the leeward side of mountain ranges.
The wetter, intercepting slope of a mountain is termed the ________ slope, whereas the drier,
downwind slope is termed the ________ slope.
windward; leeward
Cyclonic storm tracks across the United States and Canada generally
shift to the south in winter, and toward the north in summer.
Which of the following is true of the occluded stage of a midlatitude cyclone?
It occurs when the cold front overruns the slower moving warm front
When a cold front approaches, air pressure will initially ________ due to the displacement and
uplift of ________ air.
decrease; warm
After a cold front passes, the temperature ________ and the pressure ________ (relative to
the conditions that existed prior to the passage of the front).
decreases; increases
After a warm front passes, the temperature ________ and the pressure ________ (relative to
the conditions that existed prior to the passage of the front).
increases; decreases
The severity of storm activity along a warm front is ________ than that along most cold fronts
because the rate of uplift is ________ along a warm front.
less; slower
Which of the following is true of migrating centers of low pressure in the Northern
Hemisphere?
These pressure systems are characterized by converging, ascending air that
spirals inward in a counterclockwise fashion.
Variations of wind speed and direction with altitude is known as
wind shear
Hail forms
from repeated circulation of raindrops above and below the freezing level
in a cloud.
Derechos are
straight-line winds associated with thunderstorms.
Tornadoes
are associated with mesocyclones.
Which of the following cloud types is associated with tornado development?
cumulonimbus
Tornadoes are ranked in terms of wind speed and related property damage using the ________
scale
Enhanced Fujita
Hurricanes derive their energy from
the latent heat of condensation.
Easterly waves travel from ________ in the ________ belt.
east to west; trade wind
Hurricanes die when they move over land because
evaporation and subsequent condensation are no longer sufficient to
sustain them
Which of the following "ingredients" is not associated with thunderstorm formation?
strong high pressure cell
Which of the following is incorrect?
The most severe weather in a hurricane occurs in the spiral bands.
the key idea of the scientific method
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the key idea of the scientific method
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the key idea of the scientific method
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