What is characteristic of both the enlightenment and the romantic periods?
opposition to authority, idealization of nature, exaltation of ego/self
in the enlightenment, philosopher's had an unshakable faith in what?
human reason
enlightening the masses
the enlightenment movement
the thought that once reason and knowledge become widespread, humanity would make great progress and would move to an "enlightened" humanity
cultural optimist
the thought of enlightenment philosophers that nature is good, and man "by nature" is good
the return to nature
the thought of enlightenment philosophers that it was irrational to imagine a world without God
natural religion
the idea from enlightenment philosophers to establish certain rights that every human has
human rights
right to be left alone to pursue interest
liberty rights
right to receive a proper share of certain goods or services
welfare rights
thought that both sensing (empiricists) and reason (rationalists) come into play in our conception of the world (unity of consciousness)
kant
two forms of intuition according to Kant
time and space
the thought from Kant that we can know before we experience things that we will experience them
time and space
who claimed that it is not only the mind which conforms to things, things also conform to the mind
kant
known through sense and reason
phenomena
kants idea that every one has practical reason, an innate ability to tell right from wrong
moral law
a value that should never be put behind ones instrumental value
intrinsic value
intrinsic
end
instrumental
means
who had the idea that people's intrinsic value should never come behind their instrumental value
kant
there is an imperative that governs how we act, are you willing to have everyone act as you are acting
categorical imperative
the romantic idea that lone, solitary artists have access into the mystery of the universe
exaltation of sentiments
romantic idea of a world soul, pantheism
cosmic consciousness
universal romanticism
pantheistic philosophy
what did universal romanticism take a dark turn to with Germany?
National Romanticism
who believed that history is the development of the absolute spirit (reason)
Hegel
according to Hegel, where do our ideas come from?
dialectic
what is history according to Hegel?
development of human thought
were individuals have ideas
subjective
when ideas are taken into the open to family, then community, then to nation
objective
Universal ideas, God is advanced in these (philosophy, art, religion)
absolute
who believed that truth and existence is to be found in subjectivity
Kierkegaard
Kierkegaard's stages on lifes way
aesthetic, ethical, religious
don juan, satisfaction of the body, behaving according to the senses, transition achieved by commitment and action
aesthetic
socrates, recognizing moral code, one acts according to reason, transition begins with realization that there is another level
ethical
abraham, accomplished by a leap of faith
Religious
who believed that history was an interplay of economic forces?
Marx
to Marx, what is history governed by?
economic law
who was a left wing hegelian?
Marx
Proletariate
underclass
bourgeois
ruling class
primitive life to slavery to feudalism, to capitalism, to communism
historical dialectic
the three levels in the basis of society according to marx
conditions of production, means of production, mode of production
who was a historical materialist?
Marx
marial changes affecting history
historical materialist
the way a society thinks
superstructure
culture, type of product, nature of society
conditions of production
equipment, machinery, tools
means of production
those who own the means of production, product relations
mode of production
who believed that the bourgeois would never willingly give up their power, so a bloody revolution would be the only solution?
marx
why did Marx not like the capitalist system?
alienation, profit
What is the base of law, religion, philosophy, and art according to Marx?
conditions of production, means of production, mode of production
darwin's book about evolution through natural selection
origin of species
who's ideas came from Malthus?
Darwin
darwin's book about man and anthropoid apes having a common ancestor
Descent of Man
Who recognized three periods of history? theological/fiticious stage
Metaphysical/abstract stage
scientific/positive stage
comte
comte's first stage that deals with answering the question of why and who, lots of variety within responses (myths)
theological/ficticious
comte's second stage where the mind is searching, but is willing to settle for nebulous answers
metaphysical/abstract
Comte's third stage, where man works with the laws of nature and tries to understand them, god and the supernatural is dethroned
scientific/positie stage
id-ego-superego
frued
religion as wish-fallfilment is an allusion to this philosopher
freud
religion as the superego
freud
God is dead
Nietzsche
overman, "master morality
ubermensch
believed in re introduction of predators
nietzsche
what philosopher believed that the overman is the next stage in human evolution?
nietzsche
bound by nothing but involuntary actions
master morality
Nietzsche's idea that life is characterized by the will to power or overpower
revaluation of all values
the mental obligation to overwhelm and desire
social darwinism
abandonment, finitude, guilt, absurdity of life, authenticity, subject, individual
existentialism
no meaning, no purpose
nihilism
life having value because God says it has value
objective basis
life having value from the individual giving it value
subjective basis
The question man must answers is whether or not to commit suicide
Camus
who believed that only by going on living in the face of life's absurdities would human beings ever achieve their full stature
camus
existentialism is humanism
sartre
who believed that our existence precedes our essence?
sartre
when confronted with finitude, abandonment, we experience this thing according to Sartre
angst
According to sartre, what does the denial of death by distraction and herd mentality equal?
inauthenticity
what is authenticity according to Sartre?
embracing total freedom and total responsibility
simone de beauvoir
feminism
no fixed nature, either male or female
beauvoir
kant's idea of transcendent ideas (god, cosmos, self) these are known through practical reason (faith) big ideas
noumena
Kant idea of things known through senses and reason
phenomena
what philosopher believed that on a daily basis life is choosing either/or, and there is no way of escaping this (the major choices are stages on life's way)
Kierkegaard
all about the material world in opposition. forces within material world that oppose each other...marx will say these oppositions will be between a ruling class and an underclass
dialectical materialism
nietzsche's idea that human race is diseased because we haven't gotten rid of unfavorable genes...humanity is on the cusp of distinction due to the ethics of christianity. We need the ubermensch
revaluation of all morals
age of reason
enlightenment
man at the center of the universe
enlightenment
idealism
romanticism
mans control over nature
enlightenment
reaction against classical thought and the industrial revolution
romanticism
emphasis on emotion, intuition, feelings
romanticism
according to kant, these are commands that you MUST follow regardless of your desires, moral obligations
categorical imperatives