Which of the following metaphysical issues was/were addressed by the ancient Greek philosophers?
all of the above
The two kinds of monism are
materialism and idealism
The principle of Ockham's razor says that we should
eliminate unnecessary entities in our theories
The are of metaphysics that asks the questions "what is most real?" is called
ontology
Rene Descartes's version of dualism is known as
interactionism
Which of the following were arguments which Descartes used to support his dualism?
all of the above
According to your text, Descartes's compromise was an attempt to reconcile
the scientific and religious views of the world
The significance of the account about Phineas Gage was that
damage to his brain caused a change to his personality
R. Buckminster Fuller's answer to the question "What is a man?" illustrates the position of
physicalism
Which of the following is a criticism the physicalist makes of dualism?
all of the above
Which of the following is a version of physicalism?
identity theory
The position that claims that the terms "beliefs," "thoughts," and "desires" refer to nothing at all is called
eliminativism
Accordinmg to Jeffrey Olen's essay, the identity theorist claims that pain is
identical to a particular kind of brain event
The term "folk psychology" is used by the physicalist to
ridicule the attempt to explain human experience in terms of beliefs, desires, and fears.
Multiple Realizability" refers to
the fact that the same pattern can be embodied in different physical media
In your text, the position defended by Jerry Fodor was
functionalism
Which of the following statements would a functionalist affirm?
We will never be able to eliminate mentalistic concepts from our psychological theories
Which of the following statements would a functionalist affirm?
all of the above
The Turing Test is an attempt to determine
whether or not a computer has acheived intelligence
Marvin Minsky defende the position represented by
the strong AI thesis
John Searle's Chinese room argumen attempts to show that
passing the Turing Test is not a sufficient criterion for intelligence
The text referred to the type of freedom we have when our actions are not limited by external forces or obstacles as
circumstantial freedom
The position that claims we have metaphysical freedom is
libertarianism
The hard determinist and the libertarian both believe that
incompatibilism is true
The libertarian and the compatibilist both believe that
we have moral responsibility
By definition, the compatibilist believes that _____ and _____ are compatible
determinism/free will
Which of the following is a criticism the hard determinist would make of the libertarian?
LIbertarianism is in conflict with the scientific view of the world
The determinist says that the activity of deliberation occurns when
our will is suspended between two causes that pull us in opposite directions
Concerning the behavior of the criminal, the hard determinist would say
all of the above
Benedict Spinoza is an example of which of the following positions?
determinism
According to your text, one of the three arguments used to support libertarianism is the argument form
deliberation
According to agency theory, the two kinds of causes are
event-causation and agent-causation
Jean-Paul Sartre refers to those events in our past that we cannot change as our
facticity
According to Sartre, what is the significance of the fact that you were born a certain gender?
The fact has no significance until you assign meaning to it.
Sartre uses the term "bad faith" to refer to
our attempt to deny our freedom and responsibility for who we are
The compatibilist claims that a free action is an action in which
has, as its immediate causes, psychological states in the agent
A compatibilist would claim that if a formerly upright citizen chooses to become a criminal, this shows that
internal and external causes acted to determine the person's behavior differently that it was determined previously
In comparing (1) Gandhi fasting because he wanted to free India and (2) a man starving in the desert, Walter Stace says
in (1) his action was caused and free and in (2) it was caused and not free
An agnostic is someone who claims that
there is not sufficient evidence to support either theism or atheism
Natural theology is
the attempt to prove God's existence on the basis of reason and experience alone
Another name for agnosticism is
religious skepticism
A posteriori arguments are arguments that are based on
experience
Which authors defended versions of the cosmological argument in your readings
Thomas Aquinas and Richard Taylor
The principle of sufficient reason states that
everything that exists must have a reason that explains its existence and its properties
A criticism of the cosmological argument mentioned in the text is
all of the above
The teleological argument argues for the existence of God on the basis of
the evidence of design in the universe
In his argument for God, WIlliam Paley uses the anology of
a watch found upon the ground
In his refutation of the teleological argument, David Hume argues that
all of the above
According to your text, perspectivalism claims that science and religion
do not conflict because they describe reality in different but compatible ways
On the relationship between science and religion, your book describes Rene Descartes as an advocate of which position?
territorialism
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution raised problems for which theistic argument?
the teleological argument
The claim that evolution explains how our physical bodies evolved but the spritual soul is a divine creation was presented as an example of which position?
territorialism
The notion of "specified complexity" is a term identified with which position?
anti-Darwinism intelligent design theorists
The anthropic principle plays a key role in the debate concerning
the fine-tuned universe argument
Anselm's argument may be viewed as a reductio ad abrudum argument because
he begins with a premise that is the opposite of what he wants to prove and shows that it leads to a contradiction
Which of the following is a premise in Anelm's argument
existence in reality is greater than existence in the mind alone
Gaunilo's point concerning the island is that
the ontological argument could be used to prove the necessary existence of a perfect island
Pascal's discussion of gambling and religious belief is intended to show that
there is more to gain and less to risk in believing in God
W.K. Clifford's story of the shipowner was inteded to make the point that
it is always wrong to believe anything on insufficient evidence
According to William James, an essential condition for an act of faith to be a reasonable option is when
the decision one way or the other is unavoidable
Pascal's, James's, and Kierkegaard's position on faith and reason could be best described as
nonevidentialism
In his parable about the two worshipers, Kierkegaard says that the worhsiper who is genuinely in the truth is
the one who prays to a false idol with utmost passion
Kierkegaard's view on the relationship between faith and reason is that
when faith and reason conflict, faith should be given the priority of reason
The greater of goods defence assumes
the presense of evil can be justified if it helps bring about a greater amount of good
Natural evil consists of
terrible events such as tornadoes that are produced by nature
Which statement best characterizes John Hick's position?
even an all-powerful God could not make free persons into ready-made, perfected moral agents
According to your text, John Hick's critics, Edward Madden and Peter Hare, argue that
Hick assumes that the only choice God has was between the present amount of evil and no evil at all.
The free will defense assumes that
there are some things that are logically impossible for God to do
Which of the following criticisms of the free will defense is/are mentioned in the text
all of the above
In the reading, C. S. Lewis argues that
sufferent results from the laws of nature, which are necessary if there is to be human freedom at all