Name the 3 clades in arthropoda
Clade Chelicerata
Clade Myriapoda
Clade Crustacea & Clade Hexapoda
Name the 2 clades under Clade Arthropoda, Clade Chelicerata
Clade Merostomata
Clade Arachnida
Name the 2 clades under Clade Arthropoda, Clade Myriapoda
Clade Diplopoda
Clade Chilopoda
Name the 2 clades under Clade Arthropoda, Clade Crustacea
Clade Malacostraca (clade Decapoda is under this)
Name the 6 clades under Clade Arthropoda, Clade Hexapoda (insects)
Clade Orthoptera - grasshoppers, crickets, locusts
Clade Odonata - dragonflies, damselflies
Clade Coleoptera - beetles
Clade Diptera - true flies
Clade Lepidoptera - butterflies, moths
Clade Hymenoptera - ants, bees, wasps
Name characteristics of Arthropoda
� Triploblastic; protostome
� Segments fused into functional groups (tagmata)
� True coelom
� Striated muscles
� Open circulatory system
� Hemocoel
� Hemolymph
Hemocoel
� body cavity derived from the blastocoel; expanded portion of the blood system that replaces part
Hemolymph
circulating fluid in arthropod of blood & interstitial fluid
What are the 3 key characteristics of Clade Arthropoda
segmented bodies, jointed appendages, exoskeleton
What are the specialized forms of respiration that clade arthropoda uses?
Gills, book lungs/gills, tracheae & spriacles
Characteristics of Clade Arthropoda, Clade Chelicerata, Clade Merostomata (Horseshoe Crab )
� "living fossils"
� Book gills for respiration
� Blue blood is used to test the sterility of medical instruments
Carapace
Protection/covers the cephalothorax
...
...
Cephalothorax (prosoma)
Also called the prosoma, the "head" portion
Gill opercula
Gill protection/hard coverings over the gills
Book gills
Used for respiration and gas exchange, flap-like appendages
Simple eyes (ocelli)
Photoreception/ smaller than the compound eye and set at the midline at the uppermost area of the carapace
Compound eyes
Photoreception, large and set out laterally on the carapace
Telson
Aids in anchoring; hard, spiny structure extending posteriorly from the abdomen
Chelicerae
Find & manipulate food, first pair of appendages
Pedipalps
Assist in movement, specially modified 2nd set of claws appendages
Cephalothorax
Possesses the head and leg section of the body
Abdomen
Possesses reproductive, digestive, respiratory and web spinning functions
Book lungs
Specialized respiratory structure
Chelicerae [k?-lis??-r?]
Find and manipulate food/specialize into fangs
Fangs
Specialization of chelicerae (terminal end)
Pedipalps
Used primarily to handle food
Tracheal spiracle
Respiration/small apertures on the side of the abdomen
Spinnerets
Spinning web/3- paired structures on the end of the abdomen
Characteristics of Clade Arthropoda, Clade Malacostraca, Clade Decapoda (Crayfish)
-5 sets walking legs (1st pair is modified to form pincers-chelae)
-eye on stacks
-include crab, lobster, shrimp
Rostrum
Protects stalked eyes and cerebral ganglia
Antennae
Paired extension from between the eyes (under the rostrum); longer paired sensory organ
Antennules
Second paired extension from between the eyes (under the rostrum); shorter paired sensory organ
Compound eyes
Located under rostrum; vision
Carapace covering the cephalothorax
Covers the cephalothorax/ protection
Swimmerets
For females, hold and aerates fertilized eggs
Copulatory swimmerets (male)
Modified swimmeret used for sperm transfer
Seminal receptacle(female)
Receive sperm
Telson
Tail fin, used for propulsion, anus on ventral side
Uropods
Form lateral portions of the tail fin propulsion
Chelipeds
Predatory function, defense
Walking legs
Biramous, movement
Gastric muscles
Attach from stomach to the carapace
Cardiac stomach
Food storage
Gastric teeth / gastric mill (inside cardiac stomach)
Inside cardiac stomach, mechanical breakdown (mastication)
Pyloric [p�-?l?r-ik] stomach
Chemical breakdown and filtering
Mandibular muscles
Attach from side of stomach to mandible; help masticate
Gills
Gas exchange and excretion of nitrogenous wastes
Heart (with ostia)
Pumps blood into hemocoel; blood enters the heart through the ostia
Intestine
Chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
Green glands
osmoregulation
Digestive glands
Secrete digestive enzymes into intestine
How do you differentiate between a female and male clade decapoda (crayfish)
� Look for the seminal receptacle in females
� Look for copulatory swimmerets in males
Characteristics of Clade Insecta
� Uniramous walking appendages
� Tracheal system
� Insect diversity
� Insect adaptability
� Insect social behavior
-Hemimetabolic
-Holometabolic
Characteristics that helped insects thrive on land
o Stronger support systems and walking appendages
o Cuticle
o Internal fertilization
o Specialized respiratory, excretory and digestive structures
o Wings
Hemimetabolic- incomplete metamorphosis (nymph looks like adult)
o Egg --> nymph--> adult
Holometabolic- complete metamorphosis
o Egg--> larva--> pupa --> adult
** Decreases intraspecific competition
Characteristics of Clade Arthropoda, Clade Hexapoda, Clade Insecta (grasshopper)
� Largest class in animal kingdom
� Characterized by 3 pairs of legs and generally 2 pairs of wings
� Tracheal system for efficient respirations
Compound eyes
Image producing eyes that allows sight in almost all diretions around body
Ocelli
Simple photoreceptor composed of numerous ommatidia that create a fairly coarse-grained picture of their visual field
Antennae
Tactile, olfactory and sometimes auditory sensory
Labrum [l??br?m]
Top lip
Mandible
mastication
Maxilla
Food manipulation
Labium [l??b?-?m]
Bottom lip
Spiracles - part of tracheal system
Regulates gas exchange and prevents water loss
Fore/hindwings
flight
Ovipositor
Lay eggs
Tympanum
Detect sound waves that bounce off membrane
Gastric ceca
Secrete digestive enzymes
Testes (male)
Produce sperm
Ovary (female)
Store eggs
Crop
Food storage and digestion with amylase
*Malpighian tubules
Excretory, use to eliminate wastes and osmoregulation
Name the 4 mouth parts of clade insecta
-labrum
-mandible
-maxilla
-labium
How do you differentiate between a female and male grasshopper
o Ovipositor = female
Like annelids, arthropods have three primary germ layers, bilateral symmetry, segmentation and a true coelom. Early arthropods retained these characteristics but added what two additional features? What are the function(s) of each?
� Jointed appendages allows for efficient food handling, movement, and reproduction (include mouth- parts)
� Exoskeleton is made of chitin (insoluble to water) and protects against predation and dehydration; It provides an anchor for muscle attachment, pr
Arthropods were some of the first animals to inhabit land. What challenges were presented by the move from aquatic to terrestrial habitats?
� They need to develop stronger support systems, smaller body size, reproductive, skeletal, digestive, excretory and respiratory systems that conserved water
Arthropods were some of the first animals to inhabit land. What traits were selected for to respond to these challenges?
o Ability to fly (wings)
o Exoskeleton
o Walking appendages
o Cuticle
o Internal fertilization
o Specialized respiratory, excretory and digestive systems
o Various forms of communication and social behavior
Arthropods and vascular plants populated terrestrial habitats simultaneously. Discuss how this affected the relationship(s) between the two.
� Every kind of plant is eaten by one or more species of insects and insects are vectors of pollen for most flowering plants