Renaissance
a time of revival or rebirth, especially of culture and learning
Humanism
a cultural movement of the Renaissance, based on classical studies
Rationalism
using reason to justify one's beliefs and actions
Patron
a person who supports artists, especially financially
Vernacular
the everyday language of a people in a region
Reformation
movement that opposed church corruption and led to Protestant Churches
Secular
not concerned with or related to religion
Indulgences
selling forgiveness to sin.
Predestination
the doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved
Hugenots
a French Protestant
Characteristics of Renaissance Art
Realism, perspective, worldly/nonreligious themes, individualism, light and shadowing.
95 Theses
Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. Called out the churches corruptions.
Catholic Church Corruptions
Selling of indulgences
Church positions were sold off to highest bidder
Changed the Langauge of the Bible to latin
Printing Press
a machine for printing text or pictures from type or plates.
Impacts of Printing Press
Mass printing was available; able to print copies and helped the spread of the Reformation and its ideas.
Allowed books to be put in the hands of the masses
Martin Luther
German theologian who led the Reformation and who wrote the 95 theses.
Henry VIII
English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)
John Calvin
a religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society and Predestination.
Machiavelli
Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power, recommended harsh and moral-less rule
Copernicus
Heliocentric Theory: Sun is center of universe.
Galileo
Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars
Kepler
This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical
Isaac Newton
Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.
Heliocentrism
The belief that the sun was the center of the solar system and that the earth rotated around it
Geocentrism
Earth is the center of the Universe
Vasco da Gama
he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India
Christopher Columbus
He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.
Magellan
This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world
Circumnavigate
to sail around the world
Compass
navigational instrument for finding directions
Astrolabe
CAn instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets
Commercial Revolution
expansion of trade and business
Capitalism
An economic system based on private property and free market.
Cause of Black Death
Fleas on rats, increased trade
Effects of the Black Death
killed 1/3 of Europe's population, led to the Renaissance
Causes of the Reformation
the spread of new ideas, corruption of the Catholic Church, the invention of the Printing Press
Effects of Reformation
Formation of new denominations of Christian Church
Causes of Renaissance
The church lost power, People who survived plague wanted answers.
Effects of Renaissance
leads to questioning the Church and the world around us, and exploring the world around us
Led to exploration
Causes Age of Exploration
Technology - New inventions like the compass and the caravel made it possible for European to sail beyond the shores of Europe and North Africa
3 G's: God, glory,d gold
New knowledge from the Scientific Revolution and Renaissance.
Effects of Age of Exploration
Spread of Christianity to the Americas' specifically (but also around the world)
Columbian Exchange - increased trade led to the massive exchange of ideas and goods between the Americas and Eurasia.
Immigration - Colonization of newly "discovered" territo
Effects of Columbian Exchange
-death of Native Americans
-european economy boost
-new product
-slavery
Cultural Diffusion
the blending of diverse cultures
Tariff
tax on goods coming from other countries
Inflation
a rise in prices for goods due to an abundant money supply
Immunity
protection
Conquistador
Spanish conqueror of the Americas
Cartographer
one who makes maps
Monopoly
complete control of a product or business by one person or group
Circumnavigate
to travel completely around the world
joint-stock company
a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders
Encomienda
Spanish system of enslaving Native Americans
Capitalism
economic system where individuals own and operate business for profit
Mercantilism
policy designed to enrich nation through gold and silver supply and trading
Indigenous
native
Mesoamerica
A geographic region in the western hemisphere that was home of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Consequences/effects of Columbian Exchange
90% of native population loss from disease
European population increased due to new foods
Made a true globalized globe
Triangle Trade
a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa
Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies