operational database
used to collect, modify, and maintain data on a daily basis
analytical database
used to collect data that will be used for spotting trends that offer insights for tactical and strategic business decisions
Operational databases perform the following:
1.Collect and store data
2.View data
3.Find data
4.Update data
5.Organize data
6.Distribute data
7.Move or remove data
Decision makers can access analytical databases using an _______________, provided by software such as iDashboards, which uses tools for visually displaying query results
executive dashboard
database model
The underlying structure of a database
One of the simplest models for storing data is a _________that consists of a single, two-dimensional table of data elements
flat file
A ___________uses a uniform format to store data for each person or thing in the file
structured file
field
contains the smallest unit of meaningful information; it is the basic building block for a structured file or database
variable-length field
like an accordion�it expands to fit the data you enter
fixed-length field
contains a predetermined number of characters (bytes)
record
refers to a collection of data fields
record type
the template for a record
relationship
an association between data that's sorted in different record types
An important aspect of the relationship between record types is_________
cardinality
cardinality
which refers to the number of associations that can exist between two record types
entity-relationship diagram (sometimes called an ER diagram or ERD)
The relationship between record types can be depicted graphically
graph database
offers an alternative way to track relationships; its structure resembles sociograms with their interlinked nodes
relational database
stores data in a collection of related tables
table
sequence of records, similar to a flat file
multidimensional database
organizes relationships over three or more dimensions; in the context of databases, a dimension is a layer based on a data element, such as a product, place, or customer, that can be used to categorize data
object database
also called an object-oriented database, stores data as objects, which can be grouped into classes and defined by attributes and methods
document-oriented
database stores unstructured data, such as the text of a speech
XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
a popular tool used to format document databases
Data dependence
term that refers to data and program modules being so tightly interrelated that they become difficult to modify
Modern database tools support ___________
data independence
data independence
which entails separating data from the programs that manipulate it
dedicated applications
-The simplest tools for managing data
-for specific data management tasks, such as keeping track of appointments or maintaining an address book
-easy to use, however they generally don't allow users to add fields or change field names
single-level sort
uses only one field to arrange records
multi-level sort
arranges information by more than one field
DBMS
(database management system) refers to software that manages data stored in a database
There are three core elements in a relational database: __________, _________, and ______________ (Remember F.T.P)
-Fields
-Tables
-Relationship
database structure
refers to the arrangement of fields, tables, and relationships in a database
The first step in structuring a relational database is to
determine what data should be collected and stored
computed field
a calculation that a DBMS performs, similar to the way a spreadsheet computes a formula
field format
a template that adds the correct formatting as data is entered
field validation
rule is a specification that the database designer sets up to filter data entered into a particular field
lookup routine
validates a field entry by checking data in an in-house or third-party database
data type
specifies the way data is represented on physical storage media and RAM
3 data types ( Remember R.I.D)
1.Real
2.Integer
3.Data
1.Real
used for fields that contain numbers with decimal places
2.Integer
used for fields that contain whole numbers
3.Data
stores dates in a format that allows them to be manipulated
Text
assigned to fixed-length fields that hold character data
Memo
provides a variable-length field for user comments
Logical (Boolean)
used for true/false and yes/no data
BLOB (binary language object)
can be any type of data
Hyperlink
stores URLs used to link from a database to a Web page
normalization
helps database designers create a database structure that minimizes storage space and increases processing efficiency
The goal of normalization is to minimize ___________ ( D.R)
data redundancy
data redundancy
the amount of data that is duplicated in a database
physical sort order
the order in which data are arranged on storage devices
sort key
the column of data that is used as the basis for rearranging the data
database index
contains a list of keys, and each key provides a pointer to the data that contains the rest of the fields related to that key
query languages
Commands processed by the DBMS are issued using computer programming languages designed for databases
DBMS
database management system
The database client software collects input from the user and then converts it into an _________ Query
SQL query
SQL keywords
-The SQL query language provides a collection of special command words
-such as SELECT, FROM, INSERT, and WHERE
An SQL query begins with an action keyword, or ____________, which specifies the operation you want carried out
command
Parameter
are detailed specifications for a command
Using the _________ command, a user can add data to a record (Starts with an "I")
INSERT
One of the most common database operations is to query for particular record or a group of records by using the __________ command (Starts with an "S
Select
SQL uses ___________ ( Remember B.O) such as AND, OR, and NOT to form complex queries
Boolean operators
Updates and modifications to the contents of a database field are made by using the SQL __________command ( Start's with a "U" )
UPDATE command
joining tables
In SQL terminology, creating a relationship between tables
SQL __________ (Starts with a "J" ) command allows users to temporarily join and simultaneously access the data in more than one table
JOIN
When joining two tables, the convention is to use___________ ( Remember D.N) for field names; SQL uses dot notation to make distinctions between data
dot notation
Big data
refers to the huge collections of data that are difficult to process, analyze, and manage using conventional database tools
Big data is characterized as having:
1.High Volume
2.High Velocity
3.Diversified Variety
4.Unknown Veracity
5.Low-density Value (low-density data refers to large 6.volumes of data containing unimportant details)
NoSQL
used to refer to a group of technologies for managing databases that do not adhere to the relational model and standard SQL query language
schema
-which is a blueprint for its structure; rows, columns, and tables of a database are part of its schema
Relational databases are organized according to a ______________ (Starts with a "S" ends with "a")
schema
The simplest structure for storing data in a NoSQL database is the
key-value data model
column-oriented data model
stores data in columns, rather than in rows, so it works well in situations where the focus is on analysis of chunks of data
Popular NoSQL tools include:
1.MongoDB
2.Cassandra
3.Hbase
4.Neo4j
5.SimpleDB
6.Hive
7.Google Big Table
8.Voldemort
SQL
1.Structured Query ( Question ) Language
2.Used to communicate with a database