What is used to describe restoring balance within tribal societies once an offense was committed?
reconciliation
Societies that operate under tribal rules illustrate what type of systems?
pre-legal
A French doctor, Joseph Guillotin, invented a device for crucifying criminals.
false
Which of the following Roman emperors commissioned twelve scholars to create the Corpus Juris Civilis?
Justinian
What was Roman law that dealt with relationships with foreigners classified as?
jus gentium
Which of the following was the ancient king who developed a comprehensive legal code that influences our laws even today?
Hammurabi
What was the legal system that dealt with relations among Roman citizens known as?
jus civile
During the Renaissance most executions of prisoners were carried out by hanging.
true
The idea of restitution as a form of punishment is of relatively recent origin.
false
What is the ancient law of retribution expressed in the Code of Hammurabi and the Law of Moses often known as?
lex talionis
Which of the following is not a sentencing goal mentioned in the text?
revenue
Punishment that expresses society's disapproval of a criminal act is illustrated by the sentencing goal of?
retribution
What are crimes that result in state or federal prison sentences of one year or more classified as?
felonies
Criminal intent is also known as mens rea.
true
Deterrence is the sentencing goal that aims at providing assistance to offenders through a variety of treatment programs.
false
The legal systems of both England and the United States use an accusatorial or inquisitional approach in proceeding against criminal defendants.
false
Which of the following sentencing goals is designed to have offenders pay back victims or the community for harms done or losses suffered?
restitution
What is the purpose of the substantive criminal law?
it defines the various elements of crimes
The legal philosophy of equity means treating similar offenders alike, based on the offenses they have committed.
true
What is an offense that calls for a fine or incarceration for less than one year classified as?
a misdemeanor
When was the Federal Probation and Pretrial Service System signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge?
1925
What does offering your word to appear in court without an amount of money bail being posted illustrate?
release on recognizance
Which phrase describes the conditional release of a person into the community by the trial court, instead of incarceration?
probation
Who prepares the pre-sentence investigation report?
a probation officer
Who is considered to be the father of modern probation?
John Augustus
Victim impact statements typically result in judges sentencing defendants more harshly.
false
Conditional freedom granted to an offender instead of incarceration is called what?
probation
In 33 states, probation is administered by whom?
by state government agencies
What is the tangible guarantee given to a court, in which an accused person will appear for the next scheduled court hearing, called?
bail
The practice we now call probation began in Boston as a result of the efforts of John Augustus, an unpaid volunteer.
true
A major prison riot occurred at the Penitentiary of New Mexico in Santa Fe in which year
1980
During the so-called "hands-off" period (prior to 1964) courts were reluctant to intervene in prison operations
true
At times the federal courts have placed entire state corrections systems under their control
true
Parolees typically are faced with two types of conditions. The first is a legal condition that they must not violate any laws, what is the second called
technical conditions
Which of the following was not listed as a factor affecting prison litigation in the 1970s
changes in sentencing laws
What happened to the annual number of habeas corpus writs filed by prison inmates between 1980 and 2000?
the number of writs tripled (WRONG)
Historically, one of the reasons judges were reluctant to get involved in prison litigation was because they knew nothing about running prisons
true
Only about 10 percent of the state prison inmates in the United States report using alcohol or drugs in the month before their arrest for their current offense
false
By age 23 how many US adults will have an arrest record for something other than minor traffic violations
one in three
In 2010 what were over half of the federal prison inmates
drug offenders
Recent figures indicate that institutional corrections, as an employer, employs which percentage of the nation's correctional personnel
60 percent
Most of the elements of corrections jobs can be described as being routine
false
Currently there are about 59,000 correctional officer positions in the United States
false
About what proportion of the people nationwide who work in justice system agencies are employed in corrections
one-third
The majority of corrections employees in the United States work for the federal government
false
What is the primary responsibility of correctional officers
security
What is the term given to a position within a correctional institution that must be staffed on a 24-hour per day basis
a post
Most states require a college degree for those people who want to work as corrections officers in a prison
false
Generally speaking, employees who work for federal justice agencies earn the highest average salaries
true
What is the act of supervising or managing an office or an organization called?
administration
Which word describes the division of human beings into distinct groups based on their hereditary characteristics
race
Members of racial and ethnic minority groups tend to be under-represented in US correctional populations
false
Considering prison populations and probationers and parolees, how many women are under correctional supervision in the United States
928,000
Black and white defendants in the United States have different conviction rates for some of the same crimes
true
Recent research has demonstrated that it is relatively easy to classify people according to racial or ethnic categories
false
Which word describes the classification of people according to their common social and cultural traits
ethnicity
Between 2001 and 2010 men's arrest rates decreased while women's arrest rates increased.
true
How are women represented in terms of the violent crime offender population?
vastly underrepresented
In the criminal justice system, what does DMC refer to?
disproportionate minority contact
US prisons in the nineteenth century typically housed both male and female inmates
true
Which state has employed its three-strikes law more frequently than any other state?
california
In which 2003 case did the United States Supreme Court rule that California's three-strikes law was not unconstitutionally punitive?
Lockyer v. Andrade (WRONG)
The use of specialized caseloads can improve the delivery of services to parolees
true
The "law of criminal justice thermodynamics" says that the harsher criminal penalties are
the less likely the penalties will be applied.
Which of the following is discussed in the text in relation to imposition of mandatory minimum prison sentences?
firearms enhancement laws
In the past decade which of the following has not contributed to the growth in prison populations? >
changes in sentencing practices
Research evidence to date indicates that correctional boot camps do not reduce recidivism.
true
What is the amount of good time credits that inmates can earn sometimes referred to?
discount rate
The Supreme Court case of Lockyer v. Andrade found that the three-strikes law of which state did not constitute cruel and unusual treatment?
california
Which philosophy of corrections is associated with punishment?
rehabilitative (WRONG)
In 2010 what percentage of the US inmate population did non-Hispanic whites make up?
12 (WRONG)
The lex talionis became part of US criminal law in the early twentieth century.
false
Which acronym is used to represent unequal representation of blacks and Hispanics in the corrections population
DMC
The incarceration rate of African-American males in the United States is over six times that of white males
true
How many adults confined in prisons and jails in the United States does the most recent figures from the US Department of Justice show that there are?
1.7 million (WRONG)
Beginning in 2009 how did the correctional populations in the United States begin to alter?
decrease slightly
Accountability is one of the key elements that is part of the balanced and restorative justice approach.
true
Selective incapacitation is the idea that high-rate offenders can be identified and incarcerated in order to decrease the crime rate.
true
What is the approximate number of adults on probation in the United States?
4.06 million people
When we punish an individual in order to prevent members of a larger group from violating what would the law considered as an example of?
general deterrence
Which of the following is not one of the prison classification models discussed in the text?
security models
How has the number of jails in the United States changed since the 1970s?
decreased
From research carried out in the early 1980s what percentage of jails in the United States is operated by elected sheriffs?
70 percent
Which social anthropologist developed the concept of "total institutions"?
Erving Goffman
Currently there is only one private corrections firm operating in the United States.
false
Which US Supreme Court case dealt with a number of issues in Alabama prisons, including inmate classification?
Pugh v. Locke
Total institutions control virtually all the physical and social environment of the people who live in them.
true
Where are jails frequently located?
in the downtown area of many cities
Which court case placed the Arkansas Department of Corrections under federal court orders?
Holt v. Sarver
What is The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) an example of?
a psychometric test